


: 
a 
2 
! 


‘3 


Pee 





UNDVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 


JUL 1 4 1915 


rey ‘Veterinary 
| Profession 


ITS RELATION TO |'% 
THE HEALTH AND 
NATION ststotst tote | wef Ree 








Py aN OAS ae 
= 
~ 


ce SR 





UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIRRARY 


JUL 14 1915 


The Veterinary Profession 


Its Relation to the 
Health and Wealth of the Nation, and 


what it Offers as a Career 


Comprising Several Short Articles by Officers of the University of 


Pennsylvania and Alumni of its Veterinary School 


PHILADELPHIA 
1897 


.-CONTENTS... 





Veterinary Medicine ......... SM Lo LT Cs nn 

The Dignity of Veterinary Science as a Profession 

The) Future’ of Meterinary Medicine’... .. . . . . . <2 ieee 
Country,’ Veterinary -Practice:.... 00.5... 6 <5 6s, bop) See 
Veterinary Practice in|:Cities 0.5. 63. . 6. 2 8 

The Advantage of a Veterinary Education to the Breeder ......... 
Muni¢ipal’MeatiInspection:. 2*.3.°. 0°... .0. 6). 20k Sn 
United States Government Meat Inspection ..........-......- 
Diseases of Animals Transmissible to Man ..............4.. 
Veterinary: Practice in: the West). g0.)00. 0...) 2 1 

The Veterinary ‘Profession in the South’... . . >) 1°0)0) ee 
Veterinary Practice in the East 2.9.9. .'. 2... 0B) pee 
State Veterinary Service... . 2.0. 6a bs oe 6 
City Veterinary’ Service . 0s i000.) 07 768 0 
Veterinary Work in Connection with the Duties of a Board of Health 

A Course in Veterinary Medicine Preliminary to Advanced Work in Medicine 
The Value of Veterinary Training to the Physician .......... 
Horseshoeing ‘as a Science... 50)... © 3.) ace 
Veterinary Instruction in Agricultural Colleges. .......... . 
Municipal Milk Inspection as Practiced in Philadelphia «......... 
The Veterinary Service in the United States Army. ......-...... 
Canine Practice lois Fook eae es ot 
More Veterinarlans Needed 2... 00: se 0 ow + eee 


List of Graduates from the Veterinary Department of the University of 


Pennsylvaniaipere os) </eemeei: ie ba) eis fe sts, ed at ape ttt po te ae 


(4) 


‘VINVA'IASNNGAd HO ALISHHAINO 
“IVLIdSOH AYVNIVALAA “lIVH AUVNIVALAA 


“TIVH IVOISOTIOIN’ 
: ; : oe . oe 


SS 





i 


‘VINVATASNNGAd JO ALISUZAING ‘IOOHOS AUVNIBALY, “LYI0D YANNI 








VETERINARY MEDICINE. 


By WILLIAM PEPPER, M. D., L.L. D. 


UN Rees of the Theory and Practice of Medicine and of Clinical Medicine, 
University of Pennsylvania. 


It requires no argument to prove the necessity and the 
high importance of the veterinary branch of the medical pro- 
fession. It is not merely the pecuniary value of the interests 
confided to their care. It is true that when we consider the 
colossal proportion attained by live-stock interests of this 
country, it becomes evident that there must be a demand for 
the services of many medical men of scientific training and of 
high personal and professional character to whom the com- 
munity must gladly accord due respect and adequate com- 
pensation. But when we reflect that the progress of investi- 
gation is revealing many close relations between the diseases 
of the human race and of our domestic animals; when it is re- 
membered that dangerous and deadly diseases are liable to be 
trasmitted from animals to men, it becomes evident that in 
the immediate future the veterinary profession must receive 
full honorable recognition, must have its claim for adequate 
endowments and foundations admitted and answered, and 
must itself realize the vast and attractive field for scientific 
and practical work opened before it. I have long foreseen 
and can now confidently point to the conditions which make 
the veterinary profession a pursuit rivaling in honor and in 
profit any branch of medical and surgical practice—if entered 
on with full scientific equipment, and with a proper concep- 
tion of the dignity and importance of the work. 


(5) 


6 


THE DIGNITY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AS A 
PROFESSION. 





By JOHN W. ADAMS, A. B., V. M. D., 


Professor of Veterinary Surgery and Obstetrics. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’92. 





For those who fully appreciate the role of veterinary 
science in conserving the vast live-stock interests of the world, 
in protecting man from the many serious diseases transmissi- 
ble to him from the lower animals, and in ministering to the 
ailments of dumb creatures, no further proof of the dignity 
and honor of the new profession is necessary. ‘The few whose 
judgment has been warped through a misconception of the 
veterinarian’s mission, scientific and social status, are an- 
swered in this pamphlet. 

The social status of the veterinarian is determined en- 
tirely by himself. Like every one else, he is judged largely 
by his education and associates, and partly by his personal ap- 
pearance. If he associate with aimless idlers and those who 
bear a merited stigma, or are notoriously deficient, he can 
neither move in good society nor achieve complete success in 
veterinary medicine. 

In the veterinary profession, as in every other profession 
and walk in life, “worth makes the man.” Those qualities of 
head and heart which dignify and ennoble a lawyer, physician 
or merchant meet with the same spontaneous recognition and 
equal praise when exercised by a veterinarian. 

Veterinary medicine does not need to apologize for its 
past; it has passed through the same stages of empiricism and 
quasi-science through which modern human medicine has 
more slowly toiled, has overcome the same popular prejudices, 
and is now participating in equal honor and equal reward. 


7 
THE FUTURE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. 


' Since the advent of the bicycle and electric car, the 
statement has been made that horses will soon become a thing 
of the past, and veterinary services will be required no longer. 
The same statement was made when steam roads were first 
operated, but experience shows that far more horses were 
required to carry on the commerce that developed as a result 
of improved facilities for transportation than could be used 
under the old system, when all inland travel was dependent 
upon horse-power, and local wants were met almost entirely 
by local products. While it is true that some horses have 
been displaced by mechanical agencies, it is also true that 
the demand for horse-labor in other directions has increased 
correspondingly and in proportion to the activity of the com- 
merce of the country. For the past few years certain classes 
of horses have been very cheap, and this is directly attribu- 
table to the sudden increase in their production, an increase 
that was far beyond all possible demands, and to the general 
depression of all business, which greatly reduced the demand 
for horse-labor, as well as for that of man. But good horses 
are and always have been in constant demand at remunerative 
prices, and all well-informed horsemen admit that the de- 
mand for horses of good quality is greater than the supply. 
Horse-breeding was such an exceedingly profitable occupation 
a few years ago, and there was such an active demand for 
horses of a very inferior type, that any one with a little cap- 
ital could engage in the rearing of horses and make money. 
That period might justly be compared to the boom-period of 
a Western town, or to the rush into any branch of industry 
that is apparently simple, easy to carry on, and promises 
large returns. But now the business of breeding horses is 
established on a better, sounder and firmer basis. The 


8 
breeders of this country are beginning to understand that it 
is only by the exercise of much knowledge, good judgment 
and constant watchfulness that horses of superior quality can 
be produced, but that when these requisites are properly 
applied, the reward is satisfactory. Horses will always be 
used for draught-work in cities and in country; they will 
always be used for riding and driving; and racing, the sport 
of kings, will always continue. 

But the horse might become entirely extinct, and an 
enormous field for the employment of veterinary knowledge 
and skill would still remain. According to the statistics of 
1896, the horses of the United States number 15,125,057, 
and are valued at more than $500,000,000, while the mules of 
the country are worth $103,000,000 more. The cattle of the 
United States number 48,200,000, and are worth $873,000.- 
000. The sheep are worth over $65,000,000, and are rapidly 
increasing in number and value. The swine number about 
43,000,000, and are worth more than $186,000,000. ‘The 
total value of the several classes of live stock mentioned 
amounts to $1,727,926,084. This total is considerably less 
than it has been for some years, and than it will be when the 
general business conditions improve and live-stock values 
respond to the resulting stimulation. The export trade of the 
United States bears principally upon the live-stock industry, 
and exports of horses, cattle, meats and dairy products are 
increasing from year to year. 

No, the field of the veterinarian is not bounded by any 
prospective limitation of the horse’s usefulness. It includes 
the cultivation, care and protection of animals that supply us 
with our most nutritious and expensive foods; with many of 
the luxuries, as well as necessaries, of our diet; with warm 
clothing for our body, head, hands and feet; with many of 
the pleasures and comforts of life; with agreeable, healthful 


9 


and elevating recreation, as well as of those that furnish the 
most common means of transporting freight. — Editorial, 
Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Archives, 
July, 1897. 





COUNTRY VETERINARY PRACTICE. 


By E. MAYHEW MICHENER, V. M. D., 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 


The practice of veterinary medicine, in the modern 
meaning of the words, is comparatively a new profession in 
the rural districts of America. While from very early times 
men of varying qualifications practiced veterinary medicine 
and surgery throughout country districts yet few were grad- 
uates, as veterinary schools were not yet established in 
America, and rarely if ever did it occur that an American 
went abroad to receive veterinary education. Some grad- 
uates, it is true, did come to America from European coun- 
tries, but they seldom practiced here outside the limits of 
cities. What medical and surgical aid animals received in 
the country was almost entirely obtained from self-consti- 
tuted, or in better and more rare instances, self-educated vet- 
erinary surgeons. Great credit is certainly due the few who, 
without the advantages of instruction other than that which 
could be obtained from medical reading and personal obser- 
vation and experiment, became of great value to their respec- 
tive communities. 

These self-educated practitioners were, in general, well 
patronized and fairly well rewarded for their honest endeav- 
ors. Some were prominent in the management of agricul- 
tural societies and the then well patronized County Fair, the 


10 


records of which show veterinarians to have been recognized 
as judges and committee-men. ‘The graduate in the country 
to-day owes much to those men who by their lives demon- 
strated that the usefulness of the veterinarian is directly pro- 
portionate to his education. 

Until of quite recent years the veterinarian was wholly 
unprotected by law in the practice of his profession. There 
being no legal standard of what constituted a veterinarian, 
any one so disposed could practice, and many men with 
scarcely the faintest knowledge of medicine imposed them- 
selves upon the public and helpless animals. ‘This fact 
becoming generally recognized and the interest of the stock 
owner and breeder becoming valuable, made necessary the 
establishment of laws to protect the animals, their owners 
and the veterinarian. Many of the States now have laws regu- 
lating the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery within 
their borders. With the enactment of such laws veterinary 
medicine in America began a new era and is rapidly taking its 
place among the learned professions. 

Although great progress has been made since the estab- 
lishment of the veterinary schools, yet we may reasonably 
expect more in the near future. Modern research has estab- 
lished the close relationship existing between the health of 
the domestic animals and that of the human race. Especially 
is this marked in respect to those animals which furnish meat 
and milk for our markets. The demand for security from dan- 
ger in this direction is rapidly becoming greater. ‘This fact in 
conjunction with the great value of the country’s live stock 
cannot but insure a perpetual demand for the services of well- 
educated veterinarians in the country. The breeder of high- 
class stock of all kinds already recognizes the value of the 
veterinarian, not alone as an expert prescriber of medicines 
and skillful surgeon, but also as an intelligent adviser in the 


11 


science of breeding. Many stock farms now employ vet- 
erinarians at a fixed salary and others require inspection at 
regular intervals. 

Many of the States are now taking active measures in 
the control and suppression of contagious diseases of domes- 
tic animals. This work requires the employment of com- 
petent veterinary inspectors, and in many States the country 
veterinarian does such of this work as is necessary in his 
locality. 

Inasmuch as State or national measures alone seem to be 
able to successfully combat widely-prevalent contagious dis- 
ease, it is fair to assume that such will be the means for the 
future dealing with this important work, and that the 
demand for the educated veterinarian will rapidly increase 
in the country districts. That there is now such demand is 
proven by the actual experience of those engaged in coun- 
try practice, and we may directly infer that the numerous 
students’ now enrolled from country districts is good evi- 
dence of this. 

The demand for vetermarians increases as it becomes 
more and more firmly established that both private and public 
economy, as well as humanity, demand the preservation and 
improvement of the domestic animals. 

To the young man of the country, who has decided to 
enter some profession, there is to-day none offering better 
advantages than veterinary medicine; but certainly in no pro- 
fession does success depend more directly upon thoroughness 
of preparatory training, which only the most earnest effort 
and sufficient time at a well-equipped veterinary school can 
bestow. 

The pleasures which fall to the lot of the country 
veterinarian are not few. Prominent among them are the 
unusual opportunities for self-improvement by study and 


12 


observation, in analysis of various subjects which collectively 
renders the practitioner better qualified for his work. The 
study of the habits, the peculiarities of temperament and. 
mental powers of animals, the amazing influences of the laws 
of heredity, the effects of use and disuse, these and very 
many other matters of intense interest to him who enjoys 
his work are the special privilege of the country veterinarian. 

Aside from the pleasures, the remuneration of the coun- 
try veterinarian can safely be classed as fair; here no excep- 
tion is found to the general rule that the reward of the pro- 
fessional man is fixed directly as his usefulness is manifest. 

North Wales, Pa. 





VETERINARY PRACTICE IN CITIES. 


By SIMON J. J. HARGER, V. M. D., 


Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zootechnics. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’&7. 


One of the first thoughts of the young veterinarian after 
graduation is, ““Where shall I locate?” To decide this point 
is very perplexing for many, for, as a rule, they have not the 
data necessary to an intelligent choice. The question is 
deserving of most careful consideration. It is a step at the 
beginning of the young veterinarian’s career upon which 
much of his future professional and financial success depends. 
He must consider the resources that can be commanded at 
each place, the opportunities for higher professional attain- 
ments as well as his adaptability to different kinds of profes- 
sional work and to the classes of people with whom he must 
come in contact. These points cannot be emphasized too 
strongly since they are pivotal points in one’s career. Some 


"VINYATASNNAd AO ALISUAAIN SI ‘SIVWINY ITIVNS WOA TWLIdSOH 








VINVATASNNGAd AO ALISUAAIN () ‘TIVH IVOIdaW 


ni AY 


EME TENET TT ees, 








13 


prefer the agricultural districts, others cities and larger 
towns. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. A prac- 
titioner successful in the country may not be so in the city, 
and vice versa. 

Without deprecating or extolling too much either one or 
the other, city practice offers from a comparative point 
about the same advantages that are incident to other profes- 
sional and business pursuits. There is no dearth of cities 
and large towns in the United States where a well-qualified 
practitioner can locate and build up a lucrative practice. In 
fact, there are many small cities with goodagricultural country 
surrounding them which have no veterinarian, save possibly 
an empiric, and the writer knows it to be a fact, that an 
empiric cannot successfully compete with a qualified practi- 
tioner. 

In cities, the practitioner feels the healthy influence of 
competition—a contention that pervades all business and 
professional pursuits. He has numerous colleagues who vie 
with him for superiority and eminence, and he must neces- 
sarily keep himself abreast of the times to maintain his 
standing in the profession. He must be of rather studious 
inclinations and keep himself fully informed upon current 
topics, the most recent theories of disease and the latest and 
most successful methods of treatment. He constantly finds 
it necessary to refresh his mind with facts which he had 
previously studied, and to delve in new literature to maintain 
his prestige. He improves his own condition, contributes 
knowledge to his profession and renders better service to his 
clientele—all the result of good, healthy competition. 

Again, in the city there are better opportunities for in- 
vestigating the different branches of veterinary science. It is 
less difficult to form veterinary societies, the importance and 
benefit of which we need not emphasize. The city veterina- 


3 


14 


rian can consult the various municipal and hospital libraries, 
visit laboratories where experimentation and original research 
in diseases which interest both the physician and the veteri- 
narian are being made, and connect himself with various 
scientific organizations that add to his store of knowledge 
and increase his ability to interpret the numerous phenomena 
of cause and effect. Cities offer facilities to the working 
practitioner that can not be obtained elsewhere. 

New discoveries in medicine and other branches of 
science and departure from the ordinary routine of things find 
their initial encouragement in cities. They are a power and 
their stamp of approval gives a powerful impetus to questions 
of public interest. Sanitary science, meat, milk and other 
food inspections, now occupying the public mind, must nec- 
essarily find their first and greatest impetus in the city. Cities 
must give these things identity and approval before they will 
take root in the less populous districts. 

To further this end, no one is in a better position than 
the city veterinarian who keeps himself in close touch with 
his constituents and with public officers ofacknowledged influ- 
ence. He can be “the power behind the throne.” It is his 
duty to use his influence with those who are in power, to 
secure the introduction and extension of all those measures 
conservative of public health and public funds, which are 
within the province of the veterinarian. 

In practice, the veterinarian meets a kind of work not 
found outside of cities. This is dependent upon a number of 
conditions, as street pavements, the nature of the work done 
by horses, irregular feeding, crowded and filthy stables, and 
constant exchange of horses in the horse marts. Street pave- 
ments give us numerous cases of lameness and diseases of the 
limbs; heavy feeding with continuous work, or work at long 
intervals, the various colics and azoturia; filthy stables and 


15 


horse markets furnish contagious diseases. ‘These diseases 
are of such a nature and occur under such conditions as to 
reguire the most prompt and efficient treatment in order to 
bring them to a successful termination—a degree of skill and 
tact required in scarcely any other place. Dogs and other pet 
animals constitute a considerable portion of his practice, and 
such work is often quite lucrative. The city veterinarian is 
often embarrassed in being granted insufficient time in which 
to effect a cure. The merchant’s needs are more urgent and 
he is less willing to throw a disabled horse out of work than 
the farmer is, so that this is a difficulty to be contended with. 

City work has the advantage of being concentrated, con- 
fined to a small area, while the paved streets, street and 
steam cars enable one to economize time. 

The proverbial “silver spoon” is not possessed by many 
of us, but it can be safely said that a well-taken-care-of vet- 
erinary practice in a city affords agreeable work and a suffi- 
ciently remunerative and honorable means of livelihood, a 
means which we can acknowledge with just pride and satis- 
faction. 

Philadelphia. 


— —<———— 





THE ADVANTAGE OF A VETERINARY EDUCATION TO 
THE BREEDER. 


By LEO BREISACHER, M. D., V. M. D., 


Ex-Assistant Professor of Comparative Physiology. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 


It is but a few years since the importance of the veter- 
inarian on the breeding farm was first recognized in America. 
This is not to be wondered at if we remember that it is not 
so many years ago that the farrier and the “cow doctor” were 


16 


the sole medical authorities in veterinary matters. The 
‘“‘horse-doctor” in those days was often illiterate to the degree 
of being unable to decipher the teachings laid down in “The 
Tarrier’s Guide,” or the “Every Man His Own Horse-doctor.” 

Since that time great changes have been wrought in 
veterinary education. The young man of to-day may grad- 
uate from one of several veterinary colleges which are in 
every respect equal to the best medical schools of the world 
and infinitely superior to the “mushroom” medical colleges 
which abound throughout the entire country. With this ad- 
vancement in veterinary science, breeding interests have also 
made great strides, and to-day many first-class breed- 
ing farms have regular veterinary attendants who give 
their entire time to the farm. Smaller farms employ 
veterinarians to make visits of inspection at regular intervals, 
and to attend to parturition cases and diseased animals as 
occasion may demand. Certain it is that no modern breeding 
farm can be properly run without the advice of a veter- 
inarian. 

There is probably no country in the world where the 
veterinarian is of so much importance to so large number of 
breeding establishments as in America, and this is so from 
the fact that with us so many men embark in the breeding 
business who have neither proper training nor adaptability. 
Ii seems that a man has merely to accumulate $100,000 or 
even less, to be tempted to go into the breeding of horses. 
Breed, family traits, heredity, feeding, training may be abso- 
lutely foreign to his knowledge. He will read a journal 
devoted to the breeding of horses, for a fortnight or two and, 
behold! a new breeder will have been born to inflict upon the 
world the mis-shapen produce begotten by the animals of his 
selection. 

In England, France, Austria and Germany the govern- 


ay) 


ment protects and preserves the breeding interests, and one 
rarely finds a pure amateur venturing into the breeding of 
horses on his own responsibility. In these countries both the 
private and the government establishments are in the vast 
majority of instances run under the guidance of a veter- 
inarian. 

Great breeders, we might almost say, are born, not made. 
Fairly successful breeders are found the world over, but truly 
great breeders are very rare indeed. 

The man who selects two moderately well-bred mares 
without any specially good qualities in breeding, speed or in- 
dividuality, and breeds them to two stallions, one without 
demonstrated speed or reputation, as a sire, the other with 
only a fair reputation as a sire, and produces two phenomen- 
ally fast trotters of good size and conformation, both of which 
become successful sires of fast race horses may, or may not, 
be a great breeder. The test of the calibre of a breeder is 
more severe. ‘T'he truly great breeder is the man who makes 
uniform selections of animals for some definite purpose, and 
who is able to produce a uniform lot of sound horses with 
size, style and substance, and if need be with speed. Such 
breeders are very rare indeed and, especially, among the men 
who breed for the sake of diversion. A successful breeder, of 
horses for instance, must be a lover of horses, he ought to be 
a good handler of horses, he must be fully conversant not only 
with their records in the show-ring, under the saddle and on 
the turf, but what is still more important, he must know the 
individual faults and strong points of each member of the 
family. He must not be contented with simply seeing the 
ofispring, but must see and know both sire and dam. A colt 
by Electioneer out of a Nutwood mare makes him brother in 
biood to Arion, but what a multitude of faults such a pedi- 
gree obscures, and how much havoc it may produce! It goes 


18 


without saying that a breeder must be a good judge of 
exiervor; he must understand the subjects of feeding and 
aumentation. Further, he must understand the subjects of 
gestation, parturition and the treatment of accidents and dis- 
ease, and this brings us, finally, to the point where the advan- 
tage of a veterinary education to the breeder becomes ap- 
parent. 

To be a thoroughly good judge of exterior, he must know 
anatomy, physiology, medicine and surgery. Faulty teats and 
nasal apparatus, diseased eyes and glandular enlargements, 
evidence of a punctured vein or the “roaring-operation,” 
muscular atrophy, bony enlargements, etc., etc., and the pro- 
per adjustment of the varicus parts, as head, ears, neck, 
shoulder, arm, forearm, knee, cannon, etc., are appreciated 
by none as thoroughly as by the veterinarian, who has 
received thorough instruction in zodtechnics while at college. 

The subject of food stuffs, feeding and alimentation can 
be learned only by a thorough study of physiology, botany 
and chemistry. Embryology and parturition belong to the 
expert alone. For a thorough comprehension of heredity, it 
is necessary to have studied embryology and biology. And 
so, too, the care of sick animals can be best rendered only by 
the veterinarian, who has a very decided advantage, from 
whatever point the subject may be viewed. 

The fact that some veterinarians receive several thousand 
dollars a year for their services upon stock farms is proof 
enough that a first-class veterinarian is worth that much to 
those breeding establishments; where the owner can pay him- 
self the salary he would command as veterinarian to the 
farm, his profit is a double one. 

In conclusion, I may say that although familiarity with 
any of the branches taught in any of the veterinary schools 
of this country will prove of value to the breeder, yet it is 


19 


rather to the special study of zodlechnics, comprising as it 
does all that has to do with animals as property, that he must 
look for his greatest assistance. Such a course in the breed- 
lug, care, management and special characteristics of the vari- 
eus breeds of domestic animals, as is nowhere more thor- 
oughly taught than in the Veterinary Department of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania, will be of inestimable value to the 
breeder, and almost indispensable to the veterinarian who 
wishes to connect himself in a professional way with a large 
breeding farm. 
Detroit, Michigan. 


MUNICIPAL MEAT INSPECTION. 


By A. S. WHEELER, B.S., V. M.D., 


Veterinarian to Bilimore Farms, Asheville, N. C. 
Formerly Chief Meat Inspector, New Orleans. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of 91. 


“The consumption of flesh appears to be proportional to 
the degree of activity of a people.” 

The inspection of meat has the prestige of a long line of 
ancestry, although the early dawn of its existence is shrouded 
in religious ceremonies, associated rather with the sacrificial 
altar than the abattoir. The only ancient peoples that have 
transmitted us customs of meat inspection are the Semitic 
races, the Jews and the Arabs. The Talmud contains the 
ritual of the Jewish inspection. 

We are all familiar with the Schoshete or slaughterer 
with his faultless, flawless, mammoth, razor-shaped knife, 
who represents to this day the orthodox follower of the Jew- 
ish faith In order that the animal may be “kosher” (sound), 
the following rules must be observed: The four feet must 


20 


be tied or bunched together, the throat must be cut with one 
unerring stroke of the knife, and the animal thoroughly bled. 
Then follows a most painstaking examination of the noble 
parts (vital organs), especially the lungs. JI have known a 
half hour spent on the lungs alone and five or six animals 
rejected on some trivial flaw in this organ. Whether this 
careful inspection of the lungs signifies the recognition of 
tuberculosis and its communicability to man is questionable. 

Of course-the condemned animals are sold by our less 
scrupulous Gentile butcher. The purpose of bleeding thor- 
oughly seems to derive its significance from the belief that 
blood constituted the river of life and hence should not be 
used as food. If the slaughtering knife was bent or blunted 
and did not cut perfectly, the animal was put to unnecessary 
pain, and its struggling was supposed to inhibit the action of 
the heart through fright and retard the free escape of the 
blood, which would make the animal unclean. 

The custom of removing the sciatic nerve (geed-ha-nose) 
is almost obsolete in this country. This practice of removing 
the sciatic nerve was considered necessary in order to render 
the hind quarter sound. The difficulty of doing this has 
brought it into disuse, and the best way being the easiest way, 
the hind quarters are not used at all. The Scriptural reason 
for this last custom is supposed to be based on Jacob’s 
wrestling with the angel (Gen. xxxii). 

Similar rules are enforced by the Orthodox Mohammedans 
of Syria, especially in regard to the thorough bleeding of 
slaughtered animals. 

The selection of certain animals among all the ancient 
nations, as sacred or clean and unclean, was probably based 
on a Pythagorean doctrine, and racial and tribal prejudice. 
It is hardly possible that the early interdiction of swine was 
on account of the danger of trichina. Of course, I do not 


‘VINVATASNNGd AO ALISUAAINA ‘SINAWLUVdAG AUVNIYALAA ANV IVINAG ‘IVOIGAW ‘ANOLVUORW’] TVOINAHD 


a ot 2 3 
: i i 


Re pemome 





“WINVATASNNAd dO ALISUAAIN] ‘SINAWLUVdAd AUVNIYALAA ANY IVINUd “IVOIGaW ‘AMOLVUOAV’] IVOINGHD 





21 


wish to pose as an authority on these historical points of 
which my knowledge is indeed very limited. 

Probably the next period in the development of meat 
inspection was during the first century A. D. Columella wrote 
the most complete classical treatise on agricultural affairs, 
and he recommended such measures as the separation of the 
diseased from the healthy animals. During the Middle Ages 
all sanitary measures slumbered, the sacrificial lamb becomes 
the poor human victim and the national sport becomes the 
auto-da-fé. 

The sixteenth century marks the Renaissance of science. 
The new era of veterinary police was given an impulse by 
the numerous outbreaks of disease among the domesticated 
animals during that time. 

In the beginning of the eighteenth century rinderpest 
spread with such disastrous results throughout all Europe, 
that the animal industry was in great peril. This state of 
affairs attracted the attention of the various governments 
and the famous scientists of that time and they began the 
study of the diseases of the domesticated animals. 

Such men as Ramozzi, Tancisi and Schroeck were the 
first to give a reliable description of rinderpest, as well as to 
propound the necessary measures to combat it in the year 
1711. This step may be considered as the foundation of 
veterinary sanitary science, of which meat inspection is 
probably the most important subdivision. Soon after that 
other epizootic diseases were studied, and preventive sanitary 
measures were enforced. There was considerable improve- 
ment in the cultivating and feeding of animals at this time 
which received an impetus by the importation of foreign 
breeds, which in turn introduced new diseases. The increas- 
ing value of animals demanded the public protection of herds. 
In such manner veterinary sanitary measures began to be- 
come more important and to be recognized as a science. 


4 


22 


From the foregoing outline we realize how meat inspec- 
tion reaches out into the great wealth of animal industry of 
the nations. It plays a conspicuous role not only in the con- 
servation of probably the greatest of the world’s industries, 
but offering such unusual facilities for studying the various 
diseases of the meat-producing animals, it should also be one 
of the dominating principles in preserving the health of man. 
There is no department of veterinary science in closer touch 
with the enormous live-stock interests of a commonwealth, or 
a nation than the one under discussion. I give the report of 
the Department of Agriculture as to the live stock in the 
United States for January, 1897: 


NUMBER. VALUE. 

TLORSER MTA ae ice ts os is 5 dens 14,365,000 $451,800,000 
Matlon Nyenetee mae cco Mid a 2,216,000 | 92,400,000 
ETC CGO Wale ale lore 5S ete tee 15,942,000 369,300,000 
OC) SET REL CED LOE, 560/05 gra 30,508,000 504,500,000 
NLS ONO USE Ye 36,819,000 67,500,000 
SSWAIDG Ml eiieieleitcs ei 56 46 = 40,600,000 167,400,000 

PEEL Aa ns co) a $1,652,900,000 


I include horses and mules in this list for if worst comes 
to worst those of low value could be used for their meat, to 
which there can be no objection except foolish sentiment. 

I regret that I have not at hand the statistics of game, 
fish, crustaceans and mollusks, which constitute such a sig- 
nificant part of our meat diet, and over which our meat in- 
spection service should extend. 

At the present time the science of meat inspection as a 
branch of veterinary sanitary science and police, is com- 
manding more and more attention throughout the civilized 


23 


world. Of course the American cities are much behind some 
of the European cities, as Paris, Berlin, Vienna. For example 
in Paris, the expense of the meat inspection service is 336,- 
000 francs or $67,200. There are seventy-nine veterinarians 
employed and twelve “surveillants,’ or lay inspectors, mak- 
ing a total of ninety-one inspectors (1895). This force is 
under- the supervision of the Prefect of Police; it is sub- 
divided according to the municipal districts and the officers do 
double duty by inspecting both at the slaughter-houses and 
markets, which are equipped with laboratories for microscopic 
work and every convenience and facility for conducting effi- 
cient and scientific work. The inspectors devote their entire 
time to this work, and do not undertake a large practice in 
addition. 

In the United States there are two separate systems of 
met inspection, but neither of them is complete in the sense 
of thoroughly covering the whole ground. We have the 
national, supported by the general government and extend- 
ing its usefulness only and specially to international and in- 
cidentally to interstate trade. The good work being done by 
this system is principally confined to the large packing 
houses of the West. 

The other system which is of greater interest to us is the 
local municipal inspection, which in none of our larger cities 
has made more than a beginning. This latter system falls 
either under the Department of Public Safety, or the Board of 
Health. I think it rather a board of health matter, in so 
far that there is invariably a decided element of medical men 
in boards of health, and reports on meat inspection are more 
or less of a medical and scientific character, and can be fully 
appreciated only by men of more or less scientific training, 
which we cannot expect in a department of public safety. 
Another important feature, no matter where meat inspection 


24 

is placed, should be its entire freedom from political influ- 
ence. Of course there should always be the strongest friendly 
relations between the national and local system, and com- 
plete cooperation between the two. The great wave of muni- 
cipal reform that has been sweeping over the breadth and 
length of this land, will do much to bring meat inspection 
into popular notice. 

Many of the States have introduced measures into their 
Legislatures, formulating various systems of meat and milk 
inspection. ‘The meat inspection bills thus far have not met 
with uniform encouragement, but I can safely predict that 
the time is not distant when every city with a population 
over 10,000 will be awakened to the necessity of having one 
or more competent veterinarians as meat inspectors. And 
several States have already provided for a competent vet- 
erinarian as meat inspector in each city within the State hav- 
ing a certain population. 

We have now reached a time when there is a demand for 
well-trained men to take part in the upbuilding of an impor- 
tant branch of our science, which has hitherto received far too 
little attention. Our colleges have not taught it thoroughly, 
our men have not fully equipped themselves for it. But its 
importance is now realized and the best Veterinary Colleges 
have provided suitable courses of instruction that will enable 
the veterinary profession to point with pride some day, to the 
grandest of monuments, a good work accomplished, and to 
furnish the world with a healthy, clean and wholesome meat 
supply. 

Asheville, N. C. 


25 
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION. 


R. W. HICKMAN, Ph. G., V. M. D., 


Inspector in Charge, Meat Inspection Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, 
New York, N. Y. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’87. 


As to the field of labor open to the veterinarian in the 
United States Bureau of Animal Industry, much can be said 
in its favor, provided those who shall make application to the 
Civil Service Commission for examination, anticipating ap- 
pointment in the Bureau’s corps of inspectors, shall have first 
fully decided to continue their studies in zootechnics, pa- 
thology, bacteriology, and allied branches, with an honest 
intention of becoming as efficient in the service and as val- 
uable to the medical world as their respective abilities will 
permit. ‘There is probably no connection outside of the col- 
lege offering the graduate in veterinary medicine equal fa- 
cilities for intellectual development in matters pertaining to 
economics and the public health, as may be found in one of 
the various divisions of this branch of the government ser- 
vice. 

The exceeding value of animal and meat inspection is 
each year becoming more generally recognized and appre- 
ciated, hence the work increases constantly both in volume 
and importance, making it necessary for the veterinarian to 
continually apply himself to study in order that he may keep 
pace with the constant advance, and with it develop in intel- 
lectual ability and general efficiency. Too frequently, how- 
ever, recent graduates are prone to lose sight of the fact that 
one engaging in the study of medicine must devote his en- 
tire life to the acquirement of medical knowledge, by per- 
sistent study, investigation, and research; otherwise he will 


26 


not be progressive and will fail to advance with the busy 
army of industrious workers, or even to keep himself in- 
formed as to the advancement being made. 

To those, then, who anticipate progression, and are 
blessed with the necessary broad professional training, ambi- 
tion, energy, and earnestness of purpose, I say that it is a de- 
lightfully pleasant and satisfactory field of labor, even though 
accumulating accessions of scientific knowledge are the chief, 
or, at least, a part of the remuneration. ‘T'o those who are 
satisfied with the attainment of their collegiate degree, I ad- 
vise a devotion of time and attention to other lines of work 
than those connected with United States Government in- 
spection, as it is a misfortune to both the Bureau and the 
individual when appointment is secured, if he have not an 
apprehension or fair conception of the importance, quality, 
character, and quantity of work he must perform. If, on the 
contrary, he is in possession of an adaptability for the work 
and an appreciation of the opportunities offered, he will find 
it both interesting and instructive. 

The inspection of meat constitutes the most extensive 
and important part of the work of the Bureau, and meat in- 
spection is undoubtedly the most arduous of the duties con- 
nected with the service. This branch likewise offers by far 
the largest field of any of the Bureau divisions as a career 
for the veterinarian. 

Government inspection has been inaugurated at the 
large abattoirs throughout the country. At each station, 
usually in the larger cities, there is an inspector in charge, 
with a corps of inspectors, stock-examiners, and taggers 
under his direction. The inspectors and assistants are on 
duty—the inspector on the slaughtering beds, with sufficient 
help to cover the postmortem work of the entire output of the 
establishment—during the slaughtering hours of the day, 


27 


which are irregular, owing to the uncertainty of the number 
of animals to be slaughtered because of the variations in sup- 
ply and demand. 

Antemortem inspections are made in the yards by the 
inspectors, which not only serve as a guide in the postmortem 
work, but enable the inspector to verify his diagnoses and 
improve his diagnostic capabilities, allowing an admirable 
opportunity subsequently to study the pathological lesions 
and compare the morbid effects of the disease with the phy- 
sical signs and symptoms observed during life. 

The other divisions of the Bureau are,‘ Live Export Cat- 
tle Inspection, Quarantine Division, investigations of reported 
outbreaks of disease—field work, the department of animal 
pathology and bacteriology, with laboratories, etc. 

While the whole work of the Bureau is under the direc- 
tion of Dr. D. E. Salmon, its Chief, the laboratories and 
experiment station are under his immediate supervision, at 
Washington, D. C. (See published reports.) The inspectors 
and assistant inspectors have been placed in the classified ser- 
vice; hence a competitive examination before the United 
States Civil Service Commission determines the professional 
fitness of graduated veterinarians, as well as the general fit- 
ness of lay employes for the respective positions. The names 
of persons who have passed satisfactory examinations are en- 
tered on the eligible list, and as the extension of the work or 
vacancies necessitate the appointment of new men they are 
taken in order from the list of eligibles and assigned, when 
possible, to work in the district in which they have their 
residence. 

The first requirement of an applicant for examination, in 
order that he may be eligible for an inspectorship or assist- 
ant inspector’s appointment, is that he be a graduate of a 
recognized veterinary college. While this, without due con- 


28 


sideration, might in some instances seem an injustice, the 
educated veterinarian will at once recognize its importance 
by calling to mind the absolute unfitness for such positions of 
trust of some who hold diplomas, since moral standing, edu- 
cation, business and professional knowledge are the demands 
of the business world. As a result of the civil service exam- 
ination requirements, the personnel of the Bureau force has 
undoubtedly been improved, so that in both the professional 
and the non-professional departments of the work its mem- 
bers show a higher mental attainment and capacity. Conse-— 
quently, we of the honored and progressive profession may 
feel a just pride in the mutual manifestations of the single 
purpose exhibited on the part of our national organization, 
the United States Veterinary Medical Association, and the 
Veterinary Corps of the United States Bureau of Animal 
Industry, under the leadership of our Chief, Dr. D. E. Salmon, 
toward a higher standard and more uniform education in our 
colleges; and my Alma Mater, in the dedication and opening 
of her veterinary department in 1884, was among the first 
to “set the pace.” A coincidence!—the same year dates the 
organization of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, 
with the present Chief at its head. 

Section first of an Act of Congress approved May 29,1884, 
is in part as follows: 

“The Commissioner of Agriculture shall organize in his 
Department a Bureau of Animal Industry, and shall appoint 
a chief thereof who shall be a competent veterinary surgeon, 
and whose duty it shall be to investigate and report upon 
the condition of domesticated animals of the United States. 
their protection and use, and also inquire into and report the 
causes of contagious, infectious, and communicable diseases 
among them, and the means for the prevention and cure of 
the same.” 


29 


It would be impossible to give an outline history of the 
Bureau of Animal Industry in the limited space of this ar- 
ticle, and as full information may be had by reading the 
Reports and Bulletins issued at more or less regular intervals, 
it would seem needless to do so. 

The Meat Inspection Division was organized and work 
inaugurated during the first half of 1891, under the provi- 
sions of an Act of Congress, approved March 3d, of that year. 
The enormous amount and value of the work, as well as the 
competency of the Chief, are attested by the results; and all 
persons interested in veterinary science should familiarize 
themselves with these reports, since as a whole they repre- 
sent exceedingly valuable veterinary and medical literature, 
not only exemplifying the intimate relation existing between 
the two branches of medical science, but containing a num- 
ber of entirely original investigations, with detailed descrip- 
tions of the courses of procedure by which new knowledge of 
bacteriological and pathological phenomena has been ascer- 
tained and established. Consequently they are of inestimable 
value to the practitioner as books of reference, and for the 
use of the student, in conjunction with the prescribed text- 
books, they are almost indispensable. 

In regard to the future of federal inspection im the 
Bureau of Animal Industry, as a career for the veterinarian, 
its past history must in part foretell. Among the most salu- 
tary changes, and one that portends increased and increasing 
efficiency in the individuals, as well as more rapid and gen- 
eral development in the various scientific and commercial 
interests of the work, was the action of the President which 
placed the employes in the classified service, thus making 
individual ability, capability, and merit the factors in secur- 
ing and retaining position and advancement therein, rather 
than political preferment, which of necessity obtained to an 


5 


30 


extent in the earlier history of the Bureau. Some of the 
inspectors, however, whose appointments date from the in- 
auguration of the work are still in the service, as a result of 
conscientious effort and undivided attention to duty. This 
must be a source of encouragement to more recent employes, 
and serve as a stimulus to their professional and business 
ambition, as under the newer regime a more vigorous growth 
in all directions may be confidently predicted. 
New York. 





DISEASES OF ANIMALS TRANSMISSIBLE TO MAN. 


By ROBERT FORMAD, M. D., V. M. D., 


Lecturer on Veterinary Sanitary Science and Demonstrator of Histology and 
Morbid Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 


The transmission of diseases of the lower animals to 
man was known even to the ancient Egyptians, who believed 
that leprosy and inflammation of the eyes were caused by eat- 
ing pork and the meat of unclean animals. Moses prescribed 
rigid laws for the Israelites, prohibiting the use of meat from 
tuberculous animals. The Romans and Greeks formulated 
some laws of veterinary sanitation that stand to the present 
day. ‘They separated sick animals from the healthy and 
exterminated disease by fire. In the eighth century, church 
laws enforced by Bonifacias and Gregory III, prohibited 
tuberculous meat and the meat of horses. In 
1248 Bishop lLutold, recognizing the dangers of 
hydrophobia forbade the eating of meat of animals 
killed by dogs and wolves. In the eighteenth century, rin- 
derpest committed great havoc throughout Europe, and Lon- 


31 


cici and Ramazi deserve special credit for the suppressive 
measures they recommended to check the disease. 

In the present century, investigation of the transmis- 
sibility of diseases from the lower animals to man, has shown 
the important relation of some of these diseases to our food- 
supply. Recent investigations lead to the conclusion that the 
study of comparative medicine is necessary to properly deal 
with our foods of animal origin. Modern medicine tends 
toward prevention of disease through a better understanding 
of the means of transmission and perpetuation. It is leading 
to an appreciation of the necessity of establishing a more com- 
petent system of sanitary police that shall properly guard the 
animal food-supply of our people, and promote the health of 
animals by judicious measures enforced by State veterina- 
rians in co-operation with experimental stations, where new 
means and new ideas are constantly developed. 

Some say that the field of employment of the veterina- 
rian is passing away, but this is not so and the statement is 
based on a misconception as to the proper work of the vet- 
erinarian. The whole field of veterinary sanitary science lies 
open, one of the broadest of all fields of employment, in 
which in the near future countless numbers will be required 
to do the work that a proper and wise guardianship of these 
interests will demand. 

That the question of the transmissibility of disease is of 
great importance is easily shown. At every international 
congress of hygiene held during the last ten years in the 
United States, Belgium, France, Germany, England and 
Switzerland this question has been debated by the foremost 
veterinarians, physicians and scientists of the present day. 
Without going into a systematic description of communicable 
diseases, I will point out in a general manner a few of the 
more important characteristics of some whose transmissibility 
is proven beyond doubt. 


32 


Rabies (hydrophobia) is a contagious disease affecting 
dogs most often, but transmissible to man and nearly all 
domestic and wild animals. It is quite common in the 
United States and in many parts of Europe. 

Proper regulations not only lessen its frequency, but 
may completely suppress it, as has been shown in Sweden, 
where not one death had occurred since 1870, though the 
previous mortality was eight to ten persons yearly. 

The disease is generally transmitted by the bite of a 
rabid animal. The wound is infected by the saliva and the 
poison is conveyed through the entire body. The wound 
may heal completely and the symptoms of the disease not 
develop for weeks or months. The contagion that causes the 
disease is found in its most concentrated form in the brain, 
and in a more dilute state in the saliva, tears, milk, pan- 
creatic juice, and is said to exist in the blood in certain 
stages of the disease. 

Pasteur discovered that a serum containing an atten- 
uated toxin derived from the brain and cord of an animal 
suffering from rabies would prevent the occurrence of the 
disease in those who have been bitten by animals undoubt- 
edly rabid. On this principle many Pasteur institutes have 
been established, in which preventive inoculations are made 
with quite satisfactory results. 

It is impossible to estimate the total number of cases of 
rabies in this country as no accurate statistics have been 
gathered, but in Belgium, England, France and Germany 
the following numbers of cases in animals are reported: 


1891. 1893. 1894. 
in. ‘Belowam yess ie cy 254 65 182 
Tn) Wri ote ata thee! a0e es 340 92 122 
In! rangers Ou ilies 1297 1132 1334 


BLT GheRaaR iy eG natu leis 540 466 714 


33 


During those three years, then, the total number of ani- 
mals reported as proved to be rabid was 6538. 

The following table shows the number of persons treated 
at the Pasteur institutes from 1886 to 1890 inclusive: 


PER CENT OF 


TREATED. DIED. MorrTatity. 
ESOOUI ciuicinte «jes 2682 36 1.34 
SEOs eae tea 6. 1778 a1 1.18 
ee Seat areola ast 1625 12 0.74 
BO Kier Sat cays! 1834 10 0.54 
PSU O Tae pets, v) alee 1546 ay 0.71 


Bollinger gives the death-rate without local treatment 
83 per cent, with cauterization of the wound 33 per cent, 
and with Pasteur treatment within the last two years 0.4 
per cent to 0.6 per cent. Bearing in mind that the mortality 
without preventive inoculation is over 80 per cent we can see 
from the above table how enormously the mortality is 
reduced under the preventive treatment. 

Glanders is a contagious disease affecting principally the 
horse, the ass and mule, but transmissible also to man. The 
disease is accompanied by an oily discharge which contains 
the bacilli of glanders, the cause of the disease. The disease 
is transmitted to persons by the discharge in a fresh state 
coming directly in contact with abrasions on their skin, or 
by infection through handling articles which the diseased 
animals have infected, such as harness, blankets, mangers, 
water troughs, etc. The discharge which is constantly 
secreted and often times in considerable quantity acts as a 
perpetual source of contagion not only while in the fluid 
state, but also when dry. It retains its virulence for a long 
time. 

Persons who handle glanderous animals, or in any way 


34 


closely associate with them or their products, are liable to 
contract the disease. 

Mallein is an extract of the pure culture of the bacilli 
of glanders and is used for diagnosing cases of glanders 
which are not sufficiently developed to present characteristic 
symptoms of the disease. 

Anthrax is a contagious febrile disease produced by the 
bacillus anthracis. ‘The disease affects all domesticated and 
most wild animals, and is readily transmissible to man. 
According to Athanasius Kiraker, in 1617 this disease was 
prevalent in the bovine species and killed 60,000 people. 

The germ is found in the blood and all secretions and 
exeretions of the diseased animal. It may be transmitted 
to man not only by direct contact withthe diseased products or 
contaminated objects of any sort, but also by the inter- 
mediation of insects that have been in contact with the pro- 
ducts of the diseased animal. Animals grazing where the car- 
casses of animals dying of anthrax have been buried are 
sometimes infected by the spores of the germ which have 
been brought to the surface of the ground by earth worms. 

Malignant pustule is the form in which anthrax usually 
manifests itself in man. Without prompt and energetic treat- 
ment it terminates in death. From the liability of workers 
in wool to this disease, it has been called “wool-sorters dis- 
ease.” 

Tuberculosis (phthisis, consumption) causes one-seventh 
of all deaths in man. It has destroyed more lives than all the 
wars and outbreaks of cholera, small-pox, and yellow-fever 
combined. In 1882 Koch discovered the bacillus tuberculosis 
—the cause of the disease. The identity of tuberculosis in 
man and the lower animals has also been established. The 
germs and their products may be in any and every tissue of 
the body. There are many instances on record where entire 


35 


herds of cattle became infected by the introduction of a sin- 
gle diseased animal and death after death followed, while 
previous to the addition of the newcomer the disease had 
been unknown in those herds. The transmission of tuber- 
culosis by the use of milk from tuberculous animals is 
possible, particularly in children who live largely on a milk 
diet. Bollinger proved that the milk of eleven out of twenty 
cows suffering from tuberculosis was infectious, although the 
bacilli were found in the milk of but one cow. 

Tuberculin is an extract of a pure culture of tubercle 
bacilli. It is used very extensively for diagnosing tubercu- 
losis when the symptoms are not well marked, and has proved 
to be our most valuable diagnostic agent. 

Cow Pox is an acute eruptive disease of bovines, charac- 
terized by vesicles and pustules on the skin, udder, teats and 
other parts of the body. This disease is usually conveyed 
from one animal to another by the hands of the milker. In- 
numerable cases have been reported in which cow-pox has 
been transmitted to human beings. 

The virus contained in the eruption constitutes the well- 
known vaccine that is used for the inoculation (vaccination) 
of people, to prevent small-pox, a closely-related but not 
identical disease. 

Foot and mouth disease (acute aphthous stomatitis) is 
characterized by eruptions around the mouth and feet of 
animals. It occurs among all cloven-footed animals and is 
transmissible to man, particularly by the milk, or milk pro- 
ducts, as butter and cheese. 

Lack of space forbids mentioning other grave diseases 
and pathological conditions that mankind is liable to contract 
from animals and their food products. Actinomycosis, diph- 
theria, helminthiasis, and the various digestive disorders 
caused by eating diseased meat and drinking diseased milk 
cannot be considered. 


36 


Veterinary sanitation, dealing as it does, with the inves- 
tigation, control and suppression of contagious and com- 
municable diseases of domestic animals, and with the inspec- 
tion of our meat and milk supply, has opened up a vast field 
of employment for scientific veterinarians. Such work is 
just beginning in this country, but during the next ten years 
will spread over the entire face of our country, bringing 
into requisition the services of those veterinarians who have 
qualified themselves for this most remunerative, scientific, 
and best appreciated branch of veterinary science. 

Philadelphia, 


VETERINARY PRACTICE IN THE WEST. 


By S. D. BRIMHALL,-V. M. D., 


President Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’89. 


Fifteen years ago, the practice of veterinary medicine in 
the West was controlled by quackery and empiricism. But 
the western public is gradually becoming alive to the fact 
that the veterinarian of to-day is a worthy citizen, who 
should be recognized as an authority on all diseases of domes- 
tic animals and as a guardian of public health and of the 
wealth of agricultural districts. 

The stock interests of this great Western country 
are of vast importance and grand proportions, represent- 
ing a money value of many millions. These vast flocks 
and herds must be protected by the veterinarian from 
the fatal contagious diseases which threaten them on 
all sides. A great many of the Western States now require 
the services of a state veterinarian and assistants, besides a 








NIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 


) 


Houston HALL—STUDENTS’ CLUB HOUSE—lU 


‘ONIGTIING AUVAAI’] VINVATASNNGd AO ALISUHAIN{) 











37 


veterinarian at their experiment stations. The govern- 
ment needs veterinarians as inspectors at the great stock 
yards of the West, and many of our cities employ them as 
meat and dairy inspectors and as salaried veterinarians to the 
fire and police departments. Many of the large stock farms 
and breeding establishments have veterinarians in charge. 
The field of general practice is very broad and, in our large 
cities, offers, as a remuneration to the best practitioners a 
yearly income of $5000 to $10,000. 

The young man who has a thorough knowledge of his pro- 
fession, and who will deal honorably with the people, will find 
that in the West he can provide well for himself and family 
and be of great service to the public. 

Minneapolis, Minnesota. 


THE VETERINARY PROFESSION IN THE SOUTH. 


By GEORGE O. JOLLY, V. M. D., 


Veterinarian, Board of Health, Montgomery, Ala. 
Veterinary Department, University, of Pennsylvania, Class of ’93. 


The veterinary profession though still in its youth in the 
North, East and West, is in its infancy in this section of the 
country, but is fast becoming worthy of notice. The word 
Veterinarian, from what I can learn of the older residents 
here, was hardly understood a few years ago by any except 
horsemen and perhaps a few others who keep “posted;” but 
the advent of the graduate veterinarian, myself I think the 
second to locate permanently in this city, has changed things 
to such an extent that practice is not now confined to ship- 
pers of stock, the race track, breeders, etc., but has extended 
to all farm animals, to dogs, principally hunting dogs, which 
are very numerous in this section of the country, and to 


38 


horses in private use. Since my coming here three years ago, 
I have seen great changes. There are now a dozen or more 
graduates scattered over the State, and from what I can learn 
of the different stockmen, most of them are financially suc- 
cessful and are attaining quite a reputation. 

In advancing the veterinary profession in the State of 
Alabama, too much cannot be said of the work and assistance 
of Dr. C. A. Cary, State veterinarian, and teacher of veterin- 
ary science at the Auburn State College. Through his 
integrity and foresight we formed a society known as the 
Alabama Veterinary Medical Association, which holds its 
annual meetings in October. This association has brought 
the veterinarians of Alabama together, to the advantage of 
all concerned. Any reputable graduate who sees fit to locate 
in the State, will be given a cordial welcome if he will send 
his name to the secretary, which office at present I have the 
honor of holding, and I will take pleasure in sending him a 
copy of the By-Laws and Constitution. 

During 1896 Montgomery built a Union slaughter house, 
with the latest modern appliances, where all cattle are slaugh- 
tered under veterinary supervision. All herds supplying 
milk to Montgomery are tested with tuberculin and the dis- 
eased ones are killed. These innovations and the interest 
shown by the city council and the city physician, have done 
much to stimulate the veterinary profession and show the 
public its usefulness in this State. 

The great depression in the value of live stock shipped 
here is at present a detriment to the veterinarian. Owing to 
the great depreciation in the value of live stock during the 
last five or six years, breeders of horses and mules have 
decreased their business to such an extent that in a few years 
the demand for these animals will be greater than the sup- 
ply; from this time on I expect to see horses and mules 


39 


gradually increase in market value. The raising of fine 
horses 1s quite an industry in some sections of this State, 
and this has a tendency to somewhat hold in check the 
harmful influences of the cheaper ones that are shipped here. 
Alabama can boast of McCurdy’s Hambletonian, one of the 
greatest sires the world ever knew, and considered by many 
the best. His “get” are scattered all over the State, as well 
as over Tennessee. One of our principal industries is the 
raising and selling of mules. Over 5000 mules were sold in 
this market last year; Atlanta is one of the greatest mule 
markets in the United States. 

The diseases most prevalent here are osteo-porosis, 
periodic ophthalmia and tetanus, while of course there are 
all sorts of cases in general practice. I dare say that the 
South has more of the above three diseases than any other 
section of the country. 

Owing to the fact that Alabama veterinarians do not 
seem to keep a record of the various diseases which they are 
called to treat, | am unable to give any statistics or per- 
centages of same. Among cattle we have anthrax, Texas 
fever and tuberculosis. The percentage of tuberculous ani- 
mals I do not consider very large. I have myself examined two 
hundred and fifty head of dairy cattle with tuberculin, and 
found only five which responded to the test. I attribute its 
comparative rarity in Alabama chiefly to the climate and the 
manner in which the cows are cared for. They are allowed to 
run at large the year around, and the stables are open. Owing 
to the vast amount of pork used here in the shape of bulk 
meat, the principal food of the negroes, the raising of hogs is 
one of the chief industries of the farmer. Hog cholera has 
visited all portions of this State at one time or another, and 
has caused great losses; for this reason the raising of hogs is 
not as general as it would be if the disease could be kept out 
of the State. 


40 


In conclusion, I may say that, while the South is an invit- 
ing, and, I might say, an almost uncultivated field for pre- 
emption by veterinarians, yet the most remunerative and most 
needed work is not private practice, but the dealing with the 
problems of public health that arise through lack of intel- 
ligent supervision of our domestic animals and their food 
products. 

Meat, milk and dairy inspection, and the control and 
suppression of contagious diseases, should be familiar to him 
who would hang out his shingle in “Dixie.” Fortunately, 
I had received the necessary training at “Old Penn,” and 
have had no difficulty in gradually working into this pleasant, 
interesting, remunerative and sadly needed work. 


VETERINARY PRACTICE IN THE EAST. 


By A. H. STREETER, A. B., V. M. D., 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’96. 


In New England it has been the custom since the earliest 
times to send for aid if sickness existed on a farm, whether 
among the family or animals. If a child was ailing a phy- 
sician or an “Herb Doctor” was sent for; if the child recov- 
ered no one could have treated the case better, if it died it 
was the will of Divine Providence and no one could thwart 
that. But as time moved on apace people saw the folly of this 
course of treatment, for then, as now, recovery occurred most 
often when the case received the most skillful treatment. So 
medical schools sprung up throughout our broad land and 
the skilled physician is found in almost every town. People 
are willing to pay well for intelligent aid when sickness has 


41 


disabled one of the family. What is true of the physician is 
also true of the veterinarian. 

Intelligent men, whether farmers or business men, have 
become tired of sending for a man to treat a valuable animal 
that is sick who knows little of the disease, less of the con- 
struction and constitution of the animal and nothing of the 
action of the drugs which he gives. The educated, intelligent, 
upright, skillful veterinarian is a welcome citizen in any 
eastern community where the field is not already occupied. 
He is taken into the confidence of the people and welcomed 
as a friend. 

In the Hast the live stock industry has reached its high- 
est development and greatest specialization; it has been car- 
ried to extremes. It must needs be so, for the market is of 
the best and the land poor and costly. Every animal must 
be made to do its best in its special sphere. Here a sick 
animal means loss, even if it recovers perfectly without 
treatment. The thrifty farmer seeks aid at,once to assist his 
animal to a speedy recovery and to restore it to a profit-earn- 
ing condition. 

The losses sustained come more frequently from excessive 
specialization and over-feeding than from contagious disease, 
although hog cholera is becoming more and more familiar to 
the people of the Hast as a result of increasing shipments of 
swine from the West. Anthrax and ergotism are almost un- 
known, but tuberculosis, like the poor, is always with us, and 
is likely to stay wnder the present state of education. The 
alarm that resulted from the discovery that tuberculosis of 
cattle and “consumption” of man are caused by one and the 
same germ, and that the disease exists among many of the 
best herds, has, to a great extent passed away. Now, intelli- 
gent men who read the papers and see so much both 
true and false on both sides, are only too glad to find a man 


42 


who has studied the question unbefogged by the sensationa! 
newspaper reporter. ‘hey come to him on all occasions with 
questions, some of which can and some of which cannot be 
answered. They usually accept the answer of a good vet- 
erinarian as final. ‘The stock-men fear the disease and are 
only too glad to get skilled advice to assist them in the mat- 
ter. That heavy losses have been sustained by the breeders of 
blooded stock from this source no one doubts. 

There are other contagious diseases that cause great 
losses to stock owners such as distemper of horses, dogs, and 
cats, diarrhoea in calves and lambs, thumps in pigs, conta- 
gious abortion of cows, etc. Parasites are another source of 
trouble and loss. 

The fact that horses are cheap just now is no reason why 
a good veterinarian cannot prosper. It is rare that a horse 
is not worth treating; moreover, horses cannot long remain at 
the ruling prices. Many of our leading farmers are again 
breeding their mares. The present low prices are the in- 
evitable result of the ruinously high price of a few years ago. 
According to the United States Department of Agriculture 
horses have increased 85 per cent during the last sixteen 
years and decreased in value only 184 per cent. This being 
true, good serviceable horses of any and every kind will soon 
be back to their former level. The work of the veterinarian 
in the East is by no means confined to horses; he must be “up 
to date” on all cattle diseases, feeds and the most profitable 
methods of utilizing and caring for stock of all kinds. Sheep 
must be treated, also pigs. Although the pig is very disagree- 
able to handle, he responds very satisfactorily to treatment. 
The dog is of a good deal of importance all through the East, 
so one is enabled to render valuable assistance by treating it. 

The veterinarian must be a student of animal habits, and 
know what is necessary for each to maintain a healthful and 
thrifty condition. 


43 


The cities and large towns contain many uneducated, so- 
called veterinarians, “horse-doctors” and the like who pro- 
claim their superior knowledge upon every opportunity. Men 
don’t need to be told how much a man knows, his work soon 
reveals the facts and the less he says about his own qualifica- 
tions the better. 

The Hast is calling for good all-around veterinarians who 
know how to treat any animal, the causes of disease and 
effective preventive measures. Such is the man who gets the 
work, he is valued and the stock owners will do all they can 
to keep him in their locality. But the East is no place for 
conceited, half-educated, half-prepared veterinarians; they 
will not prosper; there is no work for them; they had better 
go elsewhere. 

‘The work is interesting, enjoyable and elevating, it is 
hard, but none too hard to keep a man at his best. It must 
be attended to, never neglected. The competent veterina- 
rian with good business principle who locates in the East is 
sure of a good living, an opportunity to educate his children 
and to leave a competency to those who come after him. 

Cummington, Mass. 


STATE VETERINARY SERVICE. 


By LEONARD PEARSON, B. S., V. M. D., 


State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 











Veterinary schools were established more than one hun- 
dred years ago, by nearly all of the governments of Europe, 
for the purpose of training veterinarians to take charge of 
the work of suppressing the infectious diseases of animals, 


44 


particularly of cattle, and to serve in the armies. The mat- 
ter of private practice was not considered when these schools 
were established. It soon became evident, however, that 
there was a demand for veterinary services outside of civil 
and military employment under the governments. In 
response to this demand veterinarians engaged in private 
practice. As it was found that their services were valuable, 
their range of practice grew until, in some countries, and 
especially in the United States, general practice became more 
important as a source of livelihood for veterinarians than 
any form of public employment. There were two reasons for 
this: Our country was slow in recognizing the value of State 
veterinary service, and private practice is usually more inde- 
pendent and remunerative. 

The first public veterinary positions that were.established 
in this country were under the National Treasury Department, 
which organized aCattle Commission in the early seventies for 
the purpose of controlling the several outbreaks of contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia that had resulted from the importation of 
diseased cattle. After a few years’ experience it was found that 
this organization could not meet the needs of thesituation, soin 
1884 the Bureau of Animal Industry was established in connec- 
tion with the Department of Agricultureat Washington. Under 
the able direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon, the field of usefulness 
of the Bureau of Animal Industry has constantly enlarged. 
From a mere handful of veterinarians engaged in the 
suppression of a single disease of cattle, it has grown until 
we now find it comprising a large number of divisions, with 
its agents stationed in all portions of the United States and 
engaged in investigations of outbreaks of diseases, in the em- 
ployment of measures for the suppression of dangerous 
maladies of farm animals, the inspection of meat in all abat- 
toirs in which cattle are slaughtered for interstate or interna- 


45 


tional trade, the inspection of cattle imported and ex- 
ported, the enforcement of the texas fever regulations 
and the active work of the Dairy Division. The officials em- 
ployed in all of these branches of work, most of which is 
purely veterinary, number several hundred and the opera- 
tions of the Bureau have proven to be of such vast importance 
and value to the country as to justify an expenditure of more 
than $500,000 annually. This expenditure has undoubtedly 
saved millions upon millions to the nation and has made it pos- 
sible to develop the most profitable branch of our export trade. 
No other expenditure of the government yields a more direct 
and valuable return. 

But it is not possible for the Bureau of Animal Industry, 
a national organization, to infringe upon the functions of 
State government and the States have found that it is to 
their benefit and interest to establish veterinary organizations 
through which their local functions can be exercised and con- 
tagious diseases of animals investigated and measures taken 
for their suppression. 

The live stock industry constitutes the foundation of 
agriculture and of national wealth, and the prosperity of the 
country depends principally upon its rural population. No 
more convincing argument than this is needed to show the 
importance of preventing the ravages of diseases which, if 
uncontrolled, would devastate the live stock industry and ruin 
agriculture. The total value of the live stock on farms in the 
United States, excluding poultry, is about $2,000,000,000, 
and in most States the live stock industry leads all others. 

State functions, in so far as they relate to the protection 
of the live stock industry, are exercised through veterinarians 
working with veterinary boards, cattle commissions, live stock 
sanitary boards or commissions, boards of departments of 
agriculture, boards of health, etc. Nearly every State has a 


46 


regularly appointed state veterinarian, who is sometimes aided 
by a corps of assistants. In some States the live stock inter- 
ests of each locality are looked after by an assistant or deputy 
state veterinarian. 

The diseases that come within the domain of state veter- 
inarians are numerous and important. They affect all classes 
of live stock, including poultry, and cause losses aggregating 
millions of dollars every year. (The single disease, hog chol- 
era, destroyed $35,000,000 worth of property last year, and 
there are other maladies as destructive). Some of them are 
well understood, and the measures to be taken for their sup- 
pression are plain and simple. Others are not well understood 
and in these cases it is necessary for the State officer to possess 
much skill and judgment. Sometimes diseases are met with 
that are new or of an irregular and poorly understood type, 
and some of the more common diseases are but poorly under- 
stood in respect to their etiology, method of transmission, etc. 
In these cases research is necessary, and the state veterinarian: 
should be provided with a research laboratory, and should 
have a sufficient knowledge of the methods employed in origi- 
nal work, and know enough of pathology, bacteriology and 
chemistry to enable him to solve many of these difficult and 
important problems. 

The subjects of meat and dairy inspection are now com- 
ing prominently before the public and their vast importance 
both to the producer and the consumer is being more fully 
recognized. The owners of abattoirs under the inspection of 
the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, ‘appreciate 
the importance of this work to such an extent that they en- 
courage it in every way. ‘The local butchers are also begin- 
ning to realize that a similar inspection would be of advan- 
tage to them and as boards of health and sanitary author- 
ities grow to realize the advantages of a thorough system of 


47 


meat inspection from their standpoint, the practice of exam- 
ining all animals intended for human consumption will 
increase and a general, far-reaching system of meat inspection 
will be established. In the same way, the inspection of milch 
cows and of dairies will be demanded by the consumer for his 
protection and by the producer for the market-advantage 
that it will give. This development will make large draughts 
upon the veterinary profession and the rapidity with which 
these new systems will grow will be in direct proportion to 
the ability of veterinarians to respond adequately to the 
demands for their services. 

But it is not necessary to wait for the future to 
provide useful and desirable positions for veterinarians 
in State veterinary service. The greatest difficulty that 
confronts those who are responsible for the enforcement of 
public measures for the suppression of diseases of animals 
lies in the difficulty of obtaining the assistance of a sufficient 
number of well-trained veterinarians; men who have had the 
advantages of a thorough course of instruction and whose 
powers of observation have been cultivated in well-attended 
clinics and whose minds are disciplined by carefully con- 
ducted laboratory work in such branches as anatomy, 
physiology, chemistry, pathology and bacteriology. For men 
of this kind there is great need. The importance of veter- 
inary work is more fully realized each year, but the demand 
for veterinarians is discriminative and as the lower ranks of 
the profession fill there is more and more room at the top. 

Philadelphia. 


48 
CITY VETERINARY SERVICE. 


By J. C. McNEIL, V. M. D., 
City Veterinarian of Pittsburgh. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’89. _ 


The time is now at hand when all large cities and many 
of the smaller ones recognize the necessity of the educated 
veterinarian, and carry one or more on the city pay-roll as 
salaried officers. Our city fathers and heads of departments 
recognize the value of the training furnished by veterinary 
schools when they place in the hands of their graduates the 
purchasing of all the animals used by their city, namely: for 
fire department use, for police patrol vans, for mounted police 
and the heavy draught animals for street and general pur- 
poses. They believe that the veterinarian is best able to judge 
of the soundness, age, speed, conformation, disposition and 
general adaptability of an animal for each peculiar class of 
work it may be required to perform. It is no easy task to make 
these selections, and the responsibility is very great. ‘That 
his work may be successful, the veterinarian must possess 
good judgment, sound common sense and sterling honesty, in 
addition to professional knowledge of a high order. 

The question of feeding is usually referred to the city 
veterinary surgeon, and who should be more capable of judg- 
ing of the kinds, quantity and quality of food to be given the 
city’s stock, that it may yield the greatest benefit to the 
animal and to the purse of the taxpayer. Judicious feeding 
is of great importance, and is a great saving to any munici- 
pality, but I fear that this subject is not looked after very 
carefully in many cities, and the heavy death-rate and enor- 
mous feed bills may in a large measure be due to so little im- 
portance being given to this question. 


49 


Shoeing, whether normal or pathological, requires the 
services of the veterinarian, and here again experienceand pro- 
fessional skill play a most important role. While the city does 
not expect its veterinary surgeon to be an expert farrier, still 
he should be so proficient in the art of horse-shoeing that 
he may be able to direct the work to be done. He is very 
frequently called upon to recommend the class or kind of shoe 
to be used, the manner of adjusting it, and must know when 
his directions have been carried out in a skillful and work- 
manlike manner. The animals used for fire and police ser- 
vice stand on hard plank floors for an average of twenty-two 
hours out of every twenty-four, and special care must be 
taken that their hoofs do not become too hard or contracted. 
He must also direct how long a set of shoes may be allowed 
to remain on. 

The care and treatment of these animals in disease or 
when suffering from injuries, tries the medical and surgical 
skill of the veterinarian. The remedies and methods em- 
ployed are the same as in general practice, but the character 
of the work fire- and police-horses are called upon to perform 
is very violent and predisposes to such diseases as congestion 
of the lungs, pneumonia, pleurisy, bronchitis, laryngitis, 
laminitis, pericarditis, endocarditis, azoturia, enteritis, etc., to 
say nothing of the fractures and other traumatisms that 
might be looked for when animals are driven at such great 
speed with enormous loads over the hard and slippery city 
streets. The average service of a fire or patrol horse is about 
three years, and in some cities it is less than this short time, 
but with proper veterinary supervision it can always be in- 
creased. 

The veterinarian should also have a knowledge of 
bacteriology and pathology, since the manufacture of diph- 
therie antitoxin is carried on by a number of our larger 


50 


cities, and it is most essential that the blood be taken from 
animals that are in a perfect state of health. This is a most im- 
portant duty of the city veterinarian, as he is the only person 
capable of diagnosing the peculiar ailments of the horse, and 
should he err, the result might be very unfortunate. The 
treatment of disease in the human family by the use of 
serums is, I believe, only in its infancy, and as new dis- 
coveries are being made in these lines it will open up a 
new and greater field for the skilled veterinarian in connec- 
tion with the preparation of these substances. 

In conclusion follows whatI believe to be one of the most 
important duties of the city veterinarian in his connection 
with the Bureau of Health. It is he who should be, and who 
usually is, called upon to give his opinion regarding the meat 
and milk supply of the city. The enormous percentage of 
deaths in the human family, and especially among children, 
which have been ascribed to impure and unwholesome milk, 
is most alarming. ‘Tuberculosis causes one-eighth of all 
the deaths of the human race, a record which no other 
single disease approaches, and now that it is believed that this 
disease may be communicated to man from animals, most 
cities are taking steps for their protection and are looking for- 
ward to a much better meat and milk supply. I might say 
in this connection, that in the examinations personally made 
by me in the immediate neighborhood of this city during 
the past year, I found a large percentage of all cows ex- 
amined to be tuberculous. The report of the Commission on 
Tuberculosis of the State of New York shows that of the 
22,000 cattle examined during the past year seven (7) per 
cent. were found to have tuberculosis. My own opinion is 
that the percentage in this State is probably as high as that 
of our neighbor, and it is always greatest in the thickly- 
populated districts or near large cities. The people are 


51 


rapidly becoming educated to these facts and conditions, and 
are demanding city and state legislation that will provide 
a safeguard against an impure meat and milk supply. This 
subject of meat and milk inspection, when carried on upon 
scientific lines, demands a very considerable amount of work, 
energy and skill. 

Fortunately, the position of city veterinarian is not often 
dependent upon political qualifications rather than upon pro- 
fessional skill, for in the larger cities the heads of departments 
recognize the importance of surrounding themselves with men 
who are honest and capable and whose work will reflect credit 
upon the individual and on the administration. In our largest 
cities, these positions are covered by the civil service regula- 
tions, and appointments are based upon competitive examina- 
tions. There is every encouragement for a young man to take 
up the study of veterinary medicine, and he may feel that his 
success in his chosen profession will be in direct ratio with 
his knowledge, skill and honor. 

Pittsburg, Pa. 


VETERINARY WORK IN CONNECTION WITH THE 
DUTIES OF A BOARD OF HEALTH. 


By CHARLES E. COTTON, V. M. D., 


Veterinarian of Minneapolis Board of Health. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’93. 


The need of a veterinary member of local and state 
boards of health has been recognized by comparatively few of 
our States and larger cities up to the present time. 

Under the Mosaic law, the Jews from time immemorial 
have had a meat inspection based on their religious belief. 


52 


Such inspection was, of necessity, far from scientific. Scien- 
tific meat inspection dates from 1874, when Germany passed 
very stringent laws for the purpose of excluding diseased 
meats from the market. ‘This required a trained corps of 
scientific veterinarians, well versed in microscopy as well as 
the grosser methods of detecting disease in both live and 
slaughtered animals. This action on the part of Germany 
led, naturally, to the employment by the United States gov- 
ernment of skilled inspectors at export ports and the large 
packing-house centres. But it is only recently that the 
health boards of large cities have realized the necessity of 
such inspections in their home markets. This demand on the 
part of local health boards will, in the near future, open a 
comparatively new field both pleasant and profitable to the 
men well trained in veterinary science, and one in which 
most valuable public service can be rendered. 

Another duty of the veterinarian of the health board, is 
in connection with the control of the contagious diseases of 
animals that may be transmitted to people. A law compelling 
veterinarians to report any cases of glanders, rabies, anthrax, 
tuberculosis, or other contagious diseases which he may find 
in his practice, would materially assist the health boards in 
the control of such disease. The absence of such laws nec- 
essitates great vigilance on the part of the veterinarian of the 
board. In some sections there should be periodical inspec- 
tions of all large stables, suspicious cases quarantined and all 
cases of glanders destroyed and stables thoroughly disin- 
fected. In our city alone during the past year we have con- 
demned 109 cases of glanders. 

The question of rabies is also of importance in that great 
harm has been done through the fear of hydrophobia, where 
in many instances there has been little occasion for it. We 
have found it practicable to require the policemen to capture: 


“VINVATASNNYUg HO ALISUAAIN() ‘SINTILVd IVLIdSOH ANV SINAGALS AUVNIYVALAA AO dNoUus) 





‘VINVAIASNNAd AO ALISUBAING “IVIIdSOH AUVNIVALAA ‘WOOY ONILVAAdO 


f ‘ 


3} 





53 


vicious dogs that have bitten people, take them to the pound 
where they are kept under the observation of the veterinarian 
of the board of health for three weeks. If, during this time, 
rabies develops, then there is ample time for the person to 
receive proper treatment. If not, the people are so informed 
and this sets at rest any further fear of future trouble. 

The demonstration that tuberculosis is one and the same 
disease in both animals and men, has opened up a new field 
for useful work on the part of both local and State boards of 
health. Heretofore, the attempt to eradicate tuberculosis 
from the dairy herds has been undertaken by State cattle 
commissions. The most extensive work under State control 
has been in the eastern States, and has, for various reasons, 
thus far, resulted in only partial success. 

The need of absolute purity in the milk supply makes 
the eradication of tuberculosis a necessity. It is claimed 
here that this is practicable only by the local boards of health 
controlling their own milk supply by issuing licenses to both 
producers and venders, after a thorough inspection of the 
dairy and cattle by the veterinarian of the board. This plan 
is now being carried out in our own city, under a local inspec- 
tion ordinance made possible by a special act of the State 
legislature. The constitutionality of this measure has been 
confirmed by a decision of the Supreme Court of the State of 
Minnesota. 

These few special lines that we have dwelt upon may 
serve to illustrate the value of the services of a competent 
veterinarian to the health boards of either a city or State. 

A thorough knowledge of practical sanitation, bacteri- 
ology, microscopy and meat inspection, outside of the knowl- 
edge demanded of a veterinarian in general practice, will of 
course be required on the part of anyone who hopes to obtain 


54 


such a position and fill it with credit to himself and the 
school from which he received his training. 
Minneapolis, Minn. 


A COURSE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE PRELIMINARY 
TO ADVANCED WORK IN MEDICINE. 


By WM. S. CARTER, A. B., M. D., 


Assistant Professor of Comparative Physiology, Veterinary Department, 
University of Pennsylvania. 


Unquestionably the greatest progress made in medicine 
in recent years has been in preventive medicine. The future 
promises even greater things, which in all probability will re- 
sult from further investigation of the causation of disease. 
We are now beginning to hope that the day is not far distant 
when we can cure the diseases, the etiology of which we now 
understand. We say cure them, for while we have been able 
to alleviate suffering and place patients under favorable con- 
ditions for recovery, or to stimulate them until Nature would 
cure, we have been unable, until very recent times, to effect 
this cure ourselves. The day is now dawning when we are 
beginning to understand Nature’s method of curing infectious 
diseases. 

If, for example, we consider tuberculosis (only one of the 
great group of infectious diseases), it would be impossible to 
estimate how many lives—both of human beings and lower 
animals—are annually saved by the care which is now exer- 
cised in disposing of the materials containing the germs of 
this dreadful disease, coming from tuberculous patients and 
animals. Certainly the number is no small one. 

Unfortunately, our efforts in this line of sanitation are 
not as perfect as we would wish for and many cases still arise. 


55 


The prevention of tuberculosis by hygienic methods employed 
at present is slight indeed, compared with that prevention 
which we hope for when we shall be able to produce im- 
munity in all who are susceptible to this most terrible of all 
diseases, which at present causes one death in every seven. 
This does not seem too much for us to hope for, nor is it 
looking too far into the future, for these things have been 
accomplished in the laboratory in several other infections, 
especially in the case of diphtheria, where the methods have 
been perfected for daily practice and now result in a very 
great reduction in the mortality from this disease. 

When we understand more of immunity (for we are just 
beginning to understand it), we hope that it will be possible 
to cure any infection and not only this but to prevent it by 
artificially protecting those who are susceptible. When this 
is accomplished, the saving of life will be tremendous. 

The methods of preventing the spread of infectious dis- 
eases, such as tuberculosis, cholera, anthrax, glanders, etc., 
have only been placed on a firm foundation by the discovery 
of the cause of these various diseases. The discovery of the 
cause of a disease is not made by some chance or passing ob- 
servation of any one dealing with these diseases in an ordi- 
nary way. In every instance it has been accomplished by men 
pursuing special lines of research and has only come after 
years of patient work by competent men, carefully trained in 
laboratory methods. It is obvious that such discoveries can- 
not be made by the busy practitioner, who has neither the 
time, nor the facilities, even if he has sufficient training in 
the thorough methods of investigation. The work requires 
thorough and careful training in technique. However, a man 
cannot do this without having had also a thorough training 
in the other important branches of medicine, any more than 
he can be a specialist in any branch without having first had a 


56 


course in all the important branches of medicine. It natural- 
ly follows, as in any specialty, that the broader a man’s train- 
ing when he comes to the laboratory the better will be his 
work, and he will also be much more likely to follow such 
lines of investigation as will have very practical results. No 
training could be better adapted for fitting a man to do good 
advanced work in the prevention of disease than that in 
veterinary medicine. A knowledge of the diseases of the 
different species of animals, how some diseases attack certain 
animals while others escape, how some diseases manifest 
themselves differently in different animals—all this is cer- 
tainly a very desirable preparation for one wishing to pursue 
original research in hygiene. 

Bacteriology is the youngest of the medical sciences 
although, considering its age, very much has been done and 
is being done at the present time by many investigators. 
Almost all of this work, however, has been directed to the 
diseases affecting human beings. The many diseases of the 
lower animals have not been studied so thoroughly by modern 
methods as have the diseases of man. Veterinary medicine is, 
of course, only of comparatively recent development and has 
comparatively few workers in its ranks. Especially is this 
true of the branch dealing with the etiology of disease. Cer- 
tainly there can be no more inviting field nor one offering 
greater rewards to those willing to work, than advanced re- 
search in this line. Nothing could be more attractive to a 
young man desiring to do scientific work than this branch, 
for his labors are sure to bear rich fruit almost immediately. 
In many purely scientific subjects, as in specialties, there is 
often the danger of one becoming near-sighted or narrow in 
his line, so to speak. The veterinarian, however, who will 
devote himself to the study of the etiology of the diseases of 
the lower animals, with such a broad field before him, can 
never lose sight of the practical application of his results. 


57 


Advanced studies, the results of which may be of great 
importance in the practice of veterinary medicine, are not 
necessarily limited to bacteriological study of specific infec- 
tious diseases. The study of physiologic chemistry opens 
quite as large a field for investigation. The study of the 
many disorders of digestion, with the changes taking place 
when physiologic processes are not carried out, offers a vast 
field for research. We understand as yet very little about this 
important subject, although we daily see cases which from a 
clinical standpoint are clearly of such origin. We refer to 
those cases vaguely as “some auto-intoxication,” without 
knowing definitely to what that intoxication is due. Until 
we can understand what these intoxications are and what they 
are due to, it is impossible to avoid them or treat them in a 
rational way. 

Not only will physiologic chemistry give us an under- 
standing of these digestive processes, but we also expect that 
it will throw much light upon the many obscure processes of 
nutrition. Of the disorders of nutrition we practically know 
very little, although many pathologic processes are unques- 
tionably of such origin. This is practically an unexplored 
field and no biologic science is so in need of investigators, 
although none could offer greater rewards; this is quite as true 
of human as of veterinary medicine. 

The subjects of feeding and foods, although they have 
received considerable attention, still present many problems 
to be solved by physiologic chemistry. These subjects are not 
merely of scientific interest, but are also of the utmost impor- 
tance to the stockman. 

These are a few of the problems which are loudly calling 
for workers who will solve some of Nature’s methods. We 
believe that no one could be better fitted for such investiga- 
tion than the veterinarian, and that in no branch of his pro- 


58 


fession could he obtain better results or receive richer rewards 
for faithful, conscientious labor than in such advanced 
studies. | 

Philadelphia. 


THE VALUE OF VETERINARY TRAINING TO THE 
PHYSICIAN. 


By CHRISTOPHER GRAHAM, B.S., M. D., V. M. D., 


Physician to St. Mary's Hospital, Rochester, Minn. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’92. 


Side by side the two branches of medicine have devel- 
oped; each has contributed its share in the development of 
general medicine. Each as time passed profited by the labors 
of the other. 

In early times the Egyptians practiced veterinary med- 
icine with a skill equal to that shown in human medicine. 
The Greeks studied and taught both branches of medicine 
with considerable zeal, and appreciated to a remarkable 
degree the dependence of human on veterinary medicine. 
They recognized many diseases communicable to man and 
advised isolation and other means of prevention. Later, the 
Romans learning of the Greeks began to add to what was then 
known and rapidly developed veterinary medicine. Columella 
in the first century wrote on medicine and surgery, together 
with sanitary measures for suppressing contagious diseases 
among animals. In the third century the two branches began 
to be more clearly defined and veterinary medicine had quite 
a literature of its own. Down through the Middle Ages 
medicine withstood the vicissitudes of the times, now in 
darkness, always in gloom; but withal quite generous addi- 
tions were made to the science, on which the modern school 
finds footing. 


59 


Since the founding of the veterinary school in Lyons, in 
1761, this branch of medicine has rapidly won honors and 
prominence. It now has schools with requirements equal to 
the schools of human medicine and a bountiful literature 
rich, indeed, in scientific truths and full of suggestion to the 
thoughtful physician. From the time the differentiation 
took place veterinary medicine has been a clearer-cut science 
than human. It is based more on practical experience and 
investigation, observation of facts and the truths and prin- 
ciples derived therefrom. ‘Theories can be tested through 
sacrifice of life and their falseness or correctness established 
with certainty. 

Medicine, both human and veterinary, has come to mean 
more than visiting the sick, diagnosing the disease and ap- 
plying remedies to cure or aid in recovery. Not that medi- 
cine has developed beyond bedside care, for much of the 
physician’s time is and must be consumed here. It is in 
preventive medicine that the practitioner of medicine finds 
his highest calling, and where thoughtful, scientific work is 
most needed and most praised. Here the veterinarian and 
physician vie with each other, with the honors well divided. 

The flocks must be carefully selected and wisely tended to 
insure meat and milk fit for human consumption—a matter 
of vital importance when we consider their universal use and 
how readily disease is communicable from the lower animals 
to man. Who will underestimate the valuable counsel of 
the educated veterinarian in dealing with outbreaks of in- 
fluenza, cerebro-spinal fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and 
glanders among men, all of which may be suspected, at least, 
of having their origin in like epizootics among animals? To 
this list we might well add tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth dis- 
ease, malignant pustule, trichinosis and rabies. Not only is it 
important to guard against the directly transmissible diseases, 


60 


but we must protect our people from those distressing and 
sometimes fatal disturbances brought on through eating con- 
taminated meat slaughtered while suffering from lung plague, 
cholera, etc. Daily, I may say, the physician is confronted by 
these purely veterinary questions, and if he does not possess 
the requisite information—learned best and only under vet- 
erinary instruction—he must turn to the veterinarian for 
advice or grossly neglect his charge. 

Again, with the idea of preserving the health of animals, 
as well as man, comes the important question of serumtherapy 
—the boon of modern medicine. Here the physician and 
veterinarian look for much, with substantial evidence that 
their hopes will be realized. 

With the full knowledge of transmitting disease by inoc- 
ulation, who would trust a glandered horse to develop diph- 
theric antitoxin that is active and at the same time harmless? 
In this matter the veterinarian or veterinary learning shall 
and must be respected. 

Physiological study has derived its greatest impulse through 
animal experimentation. Knowledge of the physiological 
action of drugs is developed through animals, and compara- 
tive physiology teaches its application to man. Pathological 
processes are best studied in animals and, I may say, many can 
only be studied there in every detail. The disease may be 
induced and each step from inception to termination carefully 
watched and weighed. The symptoms are not obscured by 
an excited, perverted nervous system. Facts establish theories 
and applied medicine has a firm basis. 

The student of human medicine may say that all this is 
but a part of his field. Strictly, man is the type and the 
study of man the province of human medicine, while com- 
parative anatomy, comparative physiology and comparative 
pathology are the broader province of the veterinarian. The 


61 


scientific student must enter the field of the veterinarian and 
he is welcomed, because without lessening the needs peculiar 
to the veterinarian he adds to his general knowledge. 

Another argument, and perhaps one of more importance 
than all before mentioned, is the training of observation that 
is offered to the veterinary student. He who is able to diag- 
nose disease has mastered the major part of medicine. When 
diagnosis fails, nothing can succeed. He who is to succeed 
in every department of medicine, whether veterinary or 
human, must be a close observer. The careless physician will 
partially succeed, for one-half of his cases will be diagnosed 
by the sufferer or his attendant, leaving for him the simpler 
part. Not so fortunate the unobserving veterinarian. His 
only salvation is chance and this means relative failure. I 
repeat, that the successful veterinarian, not only may be but 
must be a close observer of facts. 

In veterinary medicine this opportunity for training is 
preeminent. To be sure the student is free from many of the 
peculiar stumbling blocks that hamper human medicine. 
The neurasthenic, malingerer, monomaniac and the gar- 
rulous patient are absent—for which let the veterinarian 
be truly thankful. The sick animal acts and appears as it 
feels; every manifestation of pain is a true index of the under- 
lying pathological condition,—the simple expression of an 
unimaginative mind. The patient gives facts and facts only. 
He who is misled, misleads himself. Isolate the facts, ar- 
range them logically, and the general truth is readily ad- 
duced. This is the only way open to the veterinary student. 
His future success is limited solely by his power, natural or 
acquired, to observe facts and carry them to a logical conclu- 
sion. The human practitioner must possess this or remain 
among those classed as very ordinary. The so-called intui- 
tive diagnostician is he who has mastered the science of ob- 


62 


servation, and learned to follow his patient’s complaint only 
so far as it bears out his own inferences. Nowhere else in 
the whole range of medicine is this opportunity to study the 
unmodified symptoms of disease offered, save perhaps—yet 
more limited—in the pathology of childhood. 

The student of human medicine who looks into the 
future and properly appreciates the inevitably close competi- 
tion he will meet can not well lose sight of this profitable 
source of training. 

It seems strange that our medical schools have so long 
neglected to give veterinary training a place in their course 
of instruction. The odium left by the English “farrier” 
that once threatened the usefulness of the veterinarian is al- 
most a relic of the past. The scientific trend of the modern 
school has done away with any difference and today the 
scientifically educated veterinarian is the acknowledged peer 
of the educated physician. 

Our medical schools will have taken another long step in 
the right direction when, following the lead of such broad 
minds as Bourgelat, Vicq d’Azyr and Talleyrand, they make 
a course in veterinary instruction the base upon which to 
build and develop the ideal physician. 

Rochester, Minn. 


HORSESHOEING, AS A SCIENCE. 


By THOS. J. KEAN, M. D., V. M. D., 
‘eterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 


Shoeing as a science aims to preserve the functions of 
the hoofs of horses, mules and asses, to find the most efficient 
means for their protection during the artificial life these 


63 


animals are compelled to lead, to correct or cure their irreg- 
ularities and deformities, whether congenital or acquired, and 
in some cases to so modify the gait of the horse in particular 
as to make him a more suitable and agreeable companion and 
servant of man. Horseshoeing as a science occupies much 
the same position with respect to veterinary surgery that 
orthopedics does to the practice of human surgery, and is 
naturally and historically a part of veterinary surgery. 

The history of veterinary medicine shows that up to the 
middle of the eighteenth century, when the first schools for 
the study of veterinary science were established, what little 
knowledge there was of the diseases of horses was largely in 
possession of the “farriers.” Very much is the case to-day in 
many parts of our own country, remote from civilization, 
where there being no veterinarian, the horseshoer is the man 
consulted when anything goes wrong with the horses in the 
neighborhood. Because he sees and handles more horses 
than any of his neighbors, he acquires experience that is 
valuable in the absence of scientific knowledge. 

As schools of veterinary medicine were established and 
the evolution of the veterinarian began, either because of 
the pride attendant on his newly-acquired knowledge, or of 
disgust at the too palpable ignorance of the old farrier, the 
new expert broke away from his predecessors and left the 
shoeing of the horse (the cause, either active or predisposing, 
of nine-tenths of all lameness) entirely to the farrier. Thus 
it came to pass that the art of horseshoeing, instead of being 
cultivated as a branch of veterinary surgery, was left in the 
hands of men ignorant of the anatomy and physiology of the 
foot, who instead of directing their study to determine how 
to best shoe the foot to preserve its function, seem to have 
always held but one purpose in view; namely, that of protect- 
ing it from wear. 


64 


Now that the horseshoers are aroused to a lively appre- 
ciation of their condition, as is indicated by the appeals for 
education, and the pleas for assistance sent out from every 
convention of horseshoers, the veterinarian should resume 
what he should never have been allowed to pass from his 
hands, and by the intelligence he can bring to bear on the 
subject, should so improve horseshoeing that it will occupy a 
commanding place in veterinary science. The impetus and 
enforcement of this movement must come from men trained 
in veterinary schools, for from no other source can the 
necessary knowledge be obtained. That progress will not 
come from the men whose time is consumed at the forge, is 
shown by the fact that the men most quoted, who have in the 
past done most to develop horseshoeing as a science, have, 
with but few exceptions, never worked at the business. As a 
rule, the men who are capable of working out the problems 
of shoeing will not submit to the drudgery of the occupation, 
because their training leads them to feel assured of success 
in some less laborious and more lucrative calling. Further- 
more, any man working daily at so arduous a business falls 
sooner or later into routine habits of work that put an end to 
progress, and he becomes content to go along in the ruts that 
insure the greatest ease to his back and the most money in 
his pocket. 

Horseshoeing has heretofore offered such meager induce- 
ments that men hesitated to properly qualify themselves as 
specialists, preferring to turn their talents and energy into 
other lines of veterinary science where success and public 
recognition were better assured. Horseshoers and horse- 
owners have heard so often that “horseshoeing is a business 
that never changes,” that “horses’ shoes are nailed on to-day 
as were the first,” and that “horseshoeing can never be done 
by machinery,” etc., that many of them have gotten the idea 


65 


that it is really incapable of improvement. They do not 
think that it has reached perfection, but they are too timid 
or conservative to try anything new. 

This is exactly the state of affairs that confronted the 
qualified veterinarian of a comparatively few years ago, when 
he came into competition with the old self-taught “‘horse- 
doctor.” It was thought by many that the experience of the 
old practitioner was of a practical nature and therefore safe, 
while that of the graduate was held to be necessarily imprac- 
tical, theoretical, and therefore unsafe. All this has passed 
away. ‘The veterinarian is now given the honor his attain- 
ments merit and the old “horse-doctor” is no longer quoted. 
As the prejudice against the graduated veterinarian passed 
away, so is that against the scientific horseshoer passing, and 
as we train more and more men capable of directing the 
practice of the art, and the public realizes that horseshoeing 
is a science, and that the new experts are not the theorists 
they feared, but men of results whose every-day work proves 
the soundness of their views, and they see that their horses 
are no longer being experimented upon, but are shod on well- 
founded principles, the existing prejudice will rapidly dis- 
appear. 

To the young man looking for an opportunity to better 
his condition, more especially to him who has served an 
apprenticeship at shoeing, the study of horseshoeing as taught 
in a well-organized shoeing-school, offers as ready and as 
abundant success as any branch of learning within his reach. 

Philadelphia. 


66 


VETERINARY INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURAL 
COLLEGES. 


By J. C. ROBERT, A. B., V. M. D., 
Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi Agricultural College. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’ 98. 


The live-stock industry of our country has become so 
extensive that nearly every other branch of agriculture is 
dependent upon, or directly connected with it. We will read- 
ily appreciate the importance of this great branch of our 
agricultural interests when we remember that the live-stock 
industry of the United States represents a capital of about 
two thousand millions of dollars, and a yearly production of 
more than half that amount. Formerly, the current opinion 
among the farming classes was that the practice of veterinary 
medicine could be left to the ignorant and illiterate, but 
they are now beginning to realize that veterinary and human 
medicine are so intimately connected that a knowledge of 
either embraces the fundamental principles common to both. 
Sanitary science as practiced in either realm is governed by 
the same unchangeable laws. 

To the prospective stock owner, no branch of learning 
is more important than that which teaches him how to select 
domestic animals for various agricultural purposes, and the 
best methods of breeding, rearing, and caring for them. 
During the past few years the agricultural colleges of our 
country have begun to realize this fact, and, at present, 
twenty-six agricultural colleges in the United States have a 
chair of veterinary science. The object of instruction from 
this chair is to teach the student those rudiments of veter- 
inary medicine that bear directly upon the preservation of the 
health of stock. 


67 


Work in the department of veterinary science is usually 
confined to the three upper classes, sophomore, junior and 
senior classes, or to one of them. During the sophomore 
year a course of lectures is delivered on the various breeds of 
domestic animals—confined chiefly to horses, cattle, sheep, 
and swine, their special adaptability to various kinds of 
work, and their comparative value as meat, milk and butter 
producers. The influence of heredity and evolution in the 
formation of breeds and establishing pedigrees, the good and 
bad effects of in-breeding, cross-breeding, and grade-breed- 
ing, and the managements of stallions, brood mares and 
foals are considered. In the junior year the student studies 
histology, comparative anatomy and physiology. The 
time is so limited that only elementary courses can be given. 
For these classes the college provides a laboratory, with the 
necessary equipment. It is thus possible to study the ele- 
mentary structure of various organs and tissues of the body, 
as the heart and the lungs, bone and muscle tissue, blood- 
cells, etc. Such tissues can be obtained from the frog, rab- 
bit, cat and dog. There are so many points of similarity 
between the anatomy of man and that of the lower animals 
that, in the course of comparative anatomy, a text-book of 
human anatomy may be used, and this is, to advantage, sup- 
plemented by lectures, and illustrated by skeletons, dissec- 
tions, manikins, charts, etc. Every one who has studied 
anatomy has become convinced that a dissecting-room is the 
only place to gain a knowledge of it. Recognizing this fact, 
a dissecting-room is provided, and during the winter term 
the class is required to dissect such animals as the dog and 
the cat, and when practicable, larger animals, as the horse. 
The dissecting is done under the supervision of the Profes- 
sor in charge, and special attention is paid to the organs of 
locomotion and those parts most subject to disease and in- 


68 


jury. In studying physiology the processes of digestion are 
considered at length, also the classes of food-stuffs, and laws 
governing the production, loss, and conservation of energy. 

A few lectures are delivered on materia medica and ther- 
apeutics, pathology and veterinary sanitary science, but the 
time is mainly employed in the study of the most common 
diseases and maladies met with in the lower animals, as fall 
properly within the province of veterinary practice and sur- 
gery. 

Only the drugs commonly used in treating animals are 
studied. These are brought from the pharmacy to the class- 
room during instruction in this branch, and their properties, 
therapeutic actions, uses, doses and administration are 
considered. In the work in pathology a short time is 
devoted to the most common diseased processes that take 
place in the various tissues of the body, as inflammation, 
atrophy, and gangrene. In considering non-infectious dis- 
eases they are taken up in a systematic order, the principal 
diseases of each organ and system being studied, as, in the 
respiratory system, bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia, etc.; in 
diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, colics, stomatitis, 
etc. Contagious and miasmatic diseases, as texas fever, 
glanders and anthrax, are discussed at length. Special at- 
tention is paid to preventive measures. The old adage, “an 
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” is especially 
applicable to many diseases of the lower animals. If the 
stock breeder knows that feeding large amounts of concen- 
trated food to a plethoric cow that has nearly reached the 
stage of parturition is apt to cause parturient apoplexy, he 
will guard against such unwise feeding and thus prevent a 
ease that might result in death. 

In veterinary surgery the best methods of treating sprains, 
bruises, fractures, etc., are considered; the causes and treat- 


“VINVATASNNAd AO ALISUAAIN() “IOOHDS AUVNIVALAA ‘WOOY ANAL’ y 














“VINVATASNNGg JO ALISUAAINO ‘AL / AUVNIVALGA ‘AMOALIA’T IVOINITD 





69 


ments of such maladies as founder, spavin, corns, and foot- 
rot in sheep; the diseases incident and subsequent to parturi- 
tion are studied; and special attention is given to examination 
of the horse for soundness. 

In the lectures on Veterinary Sanitary Science, the con- 
struction, ventilation, drainage, and general cleanliness of 
stables are discussed; working, feeding, and watering animals; 
and general laws governing the prevention and suppression 
(quarantine measures and antiseptic precautions) of epizootic 
diseases, as hog cholera, texas fever, and anthrax. 

Sometimes agricultural colleges equip a veterinary hos- 
pital and pharmacy, and at stated times all animals brought to 
the hospital are treated free of charge. An abundance of 
material for class demonstration is in this way obtained. 
Students of the senior class are required to be present at 
these clinics and observe the various operations. It will thus 
be seen that the professor of veterinary science in an agri- 
cultural college has a broad field to cover and a broad train- 
ing is absolutely necessary. There is much difficulty in find- 
ing the right sort of men for these places, and since every 
State has at least one agricultural college, and some more, 
and each agricultural college has or should have a professor 
of veterinary science, there are places enough to justity 
any one who has the inclination for this work to fit himselt 
for this very promising and useful field. 

Agricultural College, Miss. | 


70 


MUNICIPAL MILK INSPECTION AS PRACTICED IN 
PHILADELPHIA. 


By A. F. SCHREIBER, V. M. D., 


Ea-Assistant Milk Inspector, Meat Inspector, Department of Public Safety, 
Philadelphia. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 


The inspection of milk in Philadelphia was inaugurated 
in 1889 and Mr. W. J. Byrnes was appointed chief inspector. 
The department, year by year, has improved both in efficacy 
and numbers, so that now there are four assistant inspectors, 
three of whom are graduated veterinarians. The inspection 
of milk consists principally in the determination of added 
water, of the extraction of fats and of the addition of coloring 
matter. The city is divided into districts and each inspector 
has his regular routes. 

The quality of the product is determined by the lactometer 
at the dairies and shops oronthestreetfromthewagons. When 
suspicious samples of milk are found, they are carefully an- 
alyzed by the chemist of the board of health and when found 
to have been adulterated the offender is prosecuted in the 
courts. 

Much attention has also been paid to the character of 
foods fed to dairy animals, the sanitary condition of the 
stables, etc.; but the work has been difficult, owing to the 
large territory to be gone over and inadequate laws. 

The inspection of city dairy plants cannot be too care- 
fully carried out. In many cases, the animals which are to 
furnish milk are fed upon inferior foods, such as waste from 
distilleries and breweries. ‘They are given impure water from 
polluted streams or wells and are kept in barns with no 
ventilation; in fact, no attention whatever is paid to their 


71 


hygiene, the condition of the animals or the enclosures in 
which they are kept. In some cases, during the winter 
months, the cattle are kept in a chronic state of alcoholism, 
due to swill feeding (distillery mash). In other places, 
brewers’ grains are fed, the barns are polluted with sour, 
decaying grain, producing fungi and micro-organisms of 
various characters. If exposed in such an atmosphere a short 
time milk absorbs these deleterious products, producing an 
unwholesome and dangerous food. 

The modern veterinarian is able to cope with all of the 
difficulties encountered in the inspection of animals used for 
milk production only after careful training and determined 
study. He must carefully note all diseased animals in the 
herd, especially those showing any symptoms indicating dis- 
ease of a contagious nature. The milk of animals showing 
any physical signs of tuberculosis or disease of the udder, 
eruptive conditions, fever or symptoms of general ill health, 
is at once excluded from the product of the herd. 

Thousands of quarts of milk are annually brought into 
our city from neighboring counties and States. It is not 
possible for an inspector to know whether this milk is a 
wholesome product. Much milk is handled by persons of 
such unclean habits that it is absolutely criminal for them to 
sell it. 

The amount of water added, the amount of fat removed, 
the nature of the preservative used to keep the milk sweet 
or the addition of coloring matter can be determined by the 
methods in use; but apparently normal milk may contain 
germs that will produce serious digestive disturbances or more 
dangerous disease. 

Some of the foremost dairymen of this city — those 
that conduct the largest businesses and receive the highest 
prices—have organized a more or less perfect system for the 


72 


sanitary control of the herds from which they derive their 
wares. ‘This system is growing and there is such a manifest 
demand for the assurance of safety that it furnishes that it 
will eventually become general, either through private enter- 
prise or legislative enactment and then no milk will be sold 
in Philadelphia except from producers who can furnish clean 
bills of health based upon a veterinary examination. ‘To the 
credit of the producers and dealers, it should be said that 
they are themselves taking the lead in this matter and their 
efforts will lead to the reform. The reputable and careful 
members of the trade cannot afford to compete with the slov- 
enly minority. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


THE VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE UNITED STATES 
ARMY. 


By J. P. TURNER, V. M. D., 


Veterinarian to Sixth Regiment, U. S. Cavalry. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’90. 


The present primitive and inadequate veterinary service 
in the United States army had its origin March 3, 1863, 
when Congress passed an act abolishing the position 
of “chief-farrier’ and “‘chief-blacksmith” in each regiment 
of cavalry, and provided each regiment with one 
“veterinary surgeon.” President Lincoln had previously 
realized the value of trained veterinary surgeons to the army 
and had offered positions to several of the best qualified veter- 
inarians of those times, but they refused to accept because 
the President offered them only the subaltern rank of 
lieutenant, whereas, they asked for the rank of captain. 


73 


Thus this golden opportunity for the development of a 
veterinary corps was lost to the profession by men who 
should have accepted the lower rank, proven their ability, 
made their services a necessity and then demanded higher 
rank. 

When the reorganization of the cavalry occurred in 1863, 
the subject of veterinary service was again brought up and 
resulted in the formation of a peculiar position, neither 
military nor civil, yet one which has much of promise, and 
which was probably all that could be expected by the poorly 
trained veterinarians of that time. Each regiment of cavalry 
was allowed one veterinarian, who was given the rank of 
sergeant-major, the highest grade of non-commissioned offi- 
cers, but was not enlisted. This last provision was wise, 
since, had he been enlisted, all hope of future promotion 
would have been lost. While given this rank he is yet, prac- 
tically, a civilian, wearing no uniform, under few restriciions 
and free to resign at any time. The pay was seventy-five 
dollars a month with allowances of quarters, fuel and Jights, 
which at that time~was equal to the pay of a second lieu- 
tenant, the actual pay/ of a sergeant-major being between 
twenty and twenty-five dollars a month. 

The worst feature of this law was the method of appoint- 
ment; the veterinary surgeon was appointed by the Secretary 
of War on the recommendation of the Regimental Com- 
mander, and the result was that many of the colonels 
appointed men who were absolutely ignorant of veterinary 
medicine, but had traits which were acceptable to the men 
who appointed them. This system was ruinous to the ser- 
vice. 

_ During the late war little is on record regarding the 
work of the regimental veterinary surgeons owing to lack 
of organization, rank, hospital facilities and the constant 


74 


moving of troops. At all the large remount depots, such as 
Giesboro’ Point near Washington, where from ten to twenty 
thousand horses were kept at a time, the Quartermaster’s 
Department hired civilian veterinary surgeons to visit the 
large hospital stables provided for sick horses, but the ser- 
vice was in many ways unsatisfactory, owing to the lack of 
authority vested intheveterinarysurgeon. Owingtothelack of 
veterinary supervision, thousands of sick and disabled horses 
were shot each year during the war. 

In the reorganization of the army in 1866, four more 
regiments of cavalry were added to the army, the Seventh, 
Eighth, Ninth and Tenth, the two last named regiments 
consisting of colored enlisted men and white officers and 
veterinary surgeons. ‘These new regiments were given two 
veterinary surgeons each, one of whom received one hundred 
dollars a month and the junior, seventy-five dollars. Thus 
the veterinary service of these regiments costs one hundred 
and seventy-five dollars a month as compared with theseventy- 
five dollars allowed the men in the old regiments. 

With the advent of veterinary colleges better qualified 
veterinarians have from time to time entered the army, who, 
after gaining valuable experience, have usually resigned to 
enter the more remunerative civil practice. As none but 
eraduates have been appointed for the last twenty years, the 
corps has gradually improved, but its official position has 
remained as it was created in 1863. The cause of this has 
been conservatism, bad precedents, lack of interest both in 
and out of the army, no central organization, and lack of rank 
of veterinarians to back up their opinions. 

In most important matters where large sums of money 
are expended and where veterinary supervision is most desir- 
able as, in the purchase of remounts, for which one hundred 
and fifty thousand ($150,000) dollars is expended yearly, the 


7 


5 


veterinary surgeon has little authority, nor has he authority 
to condemn unserviceable horses, to inspect forage, super- 
vise shoeing or look after the veterinary sanitation and 
meat inspection of his post. All such duties are performed 
by amateurs, because the veterinary surgeon is not a 
responsible commissioned officer. He seldom, if ever, has a 
hospital, and must treat sick and disabled horses in the troop 
stable, receiving such assistance as he can from the “troop 
farrier.” 

The duties of an army veterinary surgeon require him 
to make a daily inspection of all stables at his post, and to 
treat all public animals and such private horses of officers as 
the commanding officer shall require. During the winter 
he is required to lecture to the officers on hippology, taking 
up the origin and conformation of horses, shoeing, feeding, 
saddling and bitting. From time to time he is ordered to 
visit troops detached from headquarters, for the purpose 
before stated. 

His official life is not burdensome, as a rule, for being a 
civilian, the commanding officer usually grants all reasonable 
privileges. He is usually permitted to engage in civil prac- 
tice and to come and go as he deems fit, as long as he per- 
forms his military duties satisfactorily. His leaves of absence 
depend entirely upon the regimental commander, who is 
responsible for the veterinary surgeon and to whom the latter 
looks for his orders. : 

As to the social life of the veterinary surgeon in the 
service, much depends on his calibre, education, deportmeni 
and training; his social position depends largely on himself. 
The general rule in both military and civil life is that a man’s 
level is fixed largely by his own abilities. Many young men 
enter the service and resign after a short time, finding the 
life uncongenial, while others seem to enjoy it. 


76 


The position offers a large and varied practice, chiefly 
surgical, in various sections of the country, due to the fre- 
quent change of stations. This work, together with the 
teaching that the veterinarian must do, is the best kind of 
training for a young man, whether he remains in the military 
service or seeks civil practice. The young graduate has some- 
thing to gain and little to lose in accepting such a position. 

A comparison of the veterinary service of the United 
States Army with that of other countries shows how primi- 
tive our service is, that it does not fuifill the purpose for 
which it was intended, and that the government loses much: 
by not improving it. The United States Army is the only 
one pretending to be on a modern basis, which is without a 
regularly commissioned veterinary staff. The countries of 
Surope, already overburdened with military establishments, 
would not keep a corps of high ranking veterinary officers. 
unless it was economical to do so. ‘These officers have proven 
their worth and the economy of retaining them, by getting 
sound remounts and by the small death and condemnation 
rate in their armies. In the British, German, French, Italian, 
Russian and all other modern military establishments, these 
officers rank from lieutenant to colonel, and have absolute: 
authority in all matters pertaining to their profession. ‘h 

It is only a matter of a short time until the United 
States Army will have a well-organized veterinary corps. A 
greater interest is being manifested in military and veterinary 
matters by the younger officers, and improvement is bound to- 
come within a few years. When the inevitable reorganization 
occurs, and the veterinarian is given the rank, responsibility 
and equipment that he merits, there will be a demand for 
highly qualified men for the vacancies. 

Fort Meyer, Va. 


"VINVATASNNGdg AO ALISUAAIN{) ‘IVLIdSOH AUVNIAALAA ‘ASNVINANY 








‘VINVATASNNGAdg AO ALISUHAINYG ‘SASHOH ONILSIOH wOd SALVUVddy AGNV dodiay 














77 
CANINE PRACTICE. 


By HOWARD B. FELTON, A. B., V. M. D., 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Class of ’88. 


From time immemorial the dog has been the friend and 
companion of man. Among the lower animals he seems to 
have been the most richly endowed with intelligence, fidelity 
and the manifold qualities which endear him and render 
him indispensable to humanity. The very early domestication 
of the dog is attested to by the sculptures of Nineveh and the 
hieroglyphics of Egypt. Among the Egyptians the dog was 
highly esteemed and venerated. One of their deities, Anubis, 
is described as having the form and body of a man, but with 
a dog’s head. These were types of sagacity and fidelity. 
They also worshipped Sirius which they called the dog star, 
its appearance in the heavens indicating to them the time. of 
the annual overflow of the Nile, and for this reason they 
-associated it with the watchfulness and well-known fidelity of 
the dog. 

The Ethiopians not only venerated the dog, but it was 
their custom to elect a dog as their king. He was kept in 
great state and surrounded by a numerous train of officers and 
guards. When he fawned upon them, he was supposed to 
be pleased with their proceedings; when he growled, he disap- 
proved of the manner in which their government was con- 
ducted. | 

When Pythagoras, after his return from Egypt, founded 
a new sect in Greece, he taught that at the death of the body 
the soul entered into that of different animals. At the death 
of any of his favorite disciples he caused a dog to be held to 
the mouth of the dying man, in order to receive his parting 
spirit; saying that there was no animal that could perpetuate 
his virtues better than that quadruped. 


78 


The Jews were taught to regard the dog with abhorrance 
and contempt, to save them from the idolatry practiced by 
the Egyptians. The Mohammedans, perpetuating the antip- 
athy of the Jews, looked upon the dog as unclean, and to 
this day no more scurrilous epithet can be bestowed upon an 
unbeliever than to be called “a dog.” The Hindoos likewise 
regard the dog as unclean and if they accidentally come in 
contact with him must submit to various purifications. They 
believe that every dog is animated by a wicked and malig- 
nant spirit, condemned to do penance in that form for crimes 
committed in a previous state of existence. ) 

From the earliest known times the dog has been the pro- 
tector of the habitation of the human being. He was early 
employed in the herding and care of cattle and sheep. He 
has always been an indispensable factor in the pleasures and 
dangers and labors of the chase. As a beast of burden we 
find him employed at the present day in Newfoundland, 
France, Belgium and the frozen regions of the North. As an 
article of food the flesh of the dog was esteemed by the epi- 
cures of Greece and Rome. Galen speaks of it in the strong- 
est terms of praise. Hippocrates says that “the meat of old 
dogs is of a warm and dry quality, giving strength to the 
eater.” Virgil recommends that the fatted dog be served up 
with whey or butter. On the “gold coast” of Africa, among 
the Chinese and the North American Indians, and, to a lim- 
ited extent, in France and Germany, the flesh of the dog is 
still used as an article of food. 

We find that the ancients laid great stress upon the prophy- 
lactic properties of different portions of the dog’s body. 
Pliny, Hippocrates, Aristotle and others speak of various 
preparations made of his flesh for the cure of many dis- 
tempers. Pliny recommends the ashes of burnt dogs made 
into a liniment with oil as a healing salve for malignant 


79 


wounds, and the internal use of the same article as a preven- 
tive er cure for hydrophobia and other distempers. Anti- 
phanes in the year 404 B. C. had discovered the homeopathic 
cure for hydrophobia, expressed in these lines: 


“Take the hair, it is well written, 
Of the dog by which yow’re bitten.” 


To the employment of the dog in the sports of the chase 
are we indebted for the first records of his medical treatment. 
The Greeks and Romans were ardent sportsmen and have left 
on record rules for the training of the dog and directions for 
the treatment of the various ailments to which they found he 
was subject. In the hunting books of the Middle Ages we 
also find these subjects elaborated upon, but we perceive that 
during this period the dog, like mankind, suffered greatly 
from the empiricism and barbarous practices of the times. 
Worm in the tail and in the mouth have been handed down 
to us as a legacy. | 

With the establishment of the Veterinary School at 
Lyons, in 1761, a brighter era began to dawn for the dog. 
Recognition of the dog, as a legitimate object of the veterin- 
arian’s care, came slowly, however, and for a long time the 
regular practitioner looked askance at him, leaving him to the 
tender mercies of the trainer and the fancier. Gradually, 
however, veterinarians who were lovers of dogs began to min- 
ister to his wants and by their example compelled the profes- 
sion to recognize this hitherto despised animal. At the pres- 
ent time every reputable veterinary school has its chair of 
canine medicine, and sends out its graduates thoroughly pre- 
pared to treat the ailments of the canine race. The Veterin- 
ary School of the University of Pennsylvania has placed itself 
in the foremost rank by the erection of its hospital for dogs, 


80 


the most complete in point of hygiene and adaptability in the 
United States. While all veterinarians are now instructed in 
the rudiments of canine practice, all do not become canine 
practitioners. Many are located in the country where canine 
patients are few and far between. Others, while they might 
have the opportunity, have a distaste for treating the dog and 
resign in favor of the all-round veterinarian or the specialist. 

To be a successful canine physician requires a love for 
the animal and tact and skill in his management. Canine 
practice opens up an inviting and fascinating field for the 
veterinarian. In the domain of surgery we find our patients 
approaching nearest to man in the possibility of performing 
aseptic operations, in the facility of handling and in the sus- 
ceptibility to anesthetics. In the field of contagious dis- 
eases we find we have yet much to learn in regard to dis- 
tempers and rabies, the two most dread disorders of the 
canine race. As we study the therapeutics of canine medi- 
cine we find a striking similarity to that of human medicine. 
It is true that there are a few marked exceptions to this rule, 
but only a very few, and as new remedies are being constantly 
discovered in the realm of human medicine, we find that we 
can apply them in canine practice often with the happiest 
results. 

In the larger cities of Europe canine specialists have es- 
tablished themselves and have attained fame and fortune in 
the practice of their profession. Following their example 
many have pursued the same course in the principal cities 
of our own country. The field is a large and lucrative one, 
and, with the growing interest manifested in the various 
breeds of dogs, the outlook seems to be very promising. 

Philadelphia. 


81 
MORE VETERINARIANS NEEDED. 


We are constantly told that every calling which offers a 
career and a living is crowded, especially all the professions. 
There is, we believe, an average of one physician for every 
550 inhabitants. Of this number probably one-half do not 
need any medical attendance; of the remaining 275a part goto 
the dispensaries, and the remaining very modest number have 
to apply themselves vigorously to being sick in order to afford 
au very modest maintenance to the ph¥sician who is allotted 
to them. Some time since an eminent physician, professor in 
a medical college, was asked if the profession was not growing 
crowded. He replied: “Oh, no; it is not growing crowded; 
it is long since passed that point. It is crowded.” 

But there is one branch of the medical profession which 
is not crowded. In the nine schools of veterinary medicine, 
according to the report of the Commissioner of Education 
for 1894-95, there was a total attendance of 474. According 
to the same report there are in the United States 151 schools 
of medicine, with about 21,000 in attendance. In the excel- 
lent department of veterinary medicine in the University of 
Pennsylvania there were seventy-eight in attendance. In the 
four medical schools in Philadelphia there were 2029 stu- 
dents. 

There were, in 1890, in the United States 161,883,518 
horses, mules, asses, oxen, milch cows and cattle, swine and 
sheep (not including spring lambs), and all of these animals 
might at times require the attention of a veterinary surgeon. 
Probably they live more nearly according to nature than 
human beings, and are, thereby, less liable to sickness. Prob- 
ably also they are freer from nerves and have less temptation 
to aggravate their sufferings by talking about them. We 
have no reason to suppose that there are among them any 


82 


millionaires, or wives of millionaires, who find their diversion 
in being ill and in consulting a physician, although there is 
probably something analogous to this class of cases among the 
many million dogs and household pets whose health is shat- 
tered by over-feeding and indolence. All the dumb animals 
the more urgently call for skillful treatment by specialists 
from the fact that they have no means of making known their 
feelings and their symptoms. It is safe to say that the money 
value of these animals may be expressed by billions of dol- 
lars. The instinct of interest, as well as of humanity, should 
lead every owner of domestic animals to seek advice when- 
ever these animals are suffering and to be willing to pay a fair 
price for their treatment. 

And there is a larger interest involved; our relations to 
the domestic animals are very close. Undoubtedly disease is 
largely diffused by the use of the milk and flesh of animals 
which are affected. Milk is an especially favorable vehicle 
for the diffusion of tuberculosis and typhoid and other dis- 
orders. It is of the utmost importance to the community 
that there be practitioners at hand able to tell when an animal 
is diseased and to prevent the spread of disease through it. 

It is quite warrantable to say that in every town of 5000 
inhabitants and in every group of towns of smaller size there 
is a field for at least one veterinary surgeon, and quite prob- 
ably for more, and that in every large town there is an open- 
ing for several. But, in many sections of the country, the 
veterinary art is practically unknown. ‘The educated vet- 
erjnarians are not sufficient to supply more than a fraction 
of the demand. In almost every town the blacksmith is sup- 
posed by virtue of his relation to the horse’s hoofs, to have 
a knowledge of veterinary medicine, and there is frequently 
some practitioner without even this amount of knowledge 
who sets up in the practice of the profession. 


&3 


The instimet of humanity, as well as the desire to earn a 
living, might well lead a great many intelligent young men 
into the veterinary profession. Probably there is a feeling 
that socially the position of a veterinary surgeon is not equal 
to that of an ordinary practitioner of medicine. Of course, if 
a young man would rather starve genteely in the best society 
than make a comfortable living among plain people we have 
no suggestions to make. * * * * ¥* -_Hditorial, Phil- 
adelphia Press. 


84 


List of Graduates from the Veterinary Department 
of the University of Pennsylvania. 





[‘‘G. P.” indicates general practice. ] 
ADAMS, JOHN W., A. B., V. M. D., 4019 Powelton ave., Philadelphia. 
Professor, Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania. 
ANDREWS, FRANK H., V. M. D., 126 W. Fayette st., Syracuse, N. Y. 
GE 


BACHMAN, B. FRANK, V. M. D., Strasburg, Pa. G. P. 

BAER, B. S. J., Ph.G., V. M. D., York, Pa. G. P. 

BANNISTER, H., V. M. D., 1632 Meadow st., Roanoke, Va. G. P. 

BARBER, RAYMOND, V. M. D., Newtown, Pa. G. P. 

BARTHOLOMEW, J. C., V. M. D., Berwyn, Pa. G. P. 

BATTEN, HE. C.,) V..M. Di; Bast Orange, N. J.) GaP, 

BEATTY, JAMES, V. M. D., 200 Frankford rd., Philadelphia. 

BERTRAM, FREDERICK DE M., V. M. D., Newport, R. I. G 

BICKEL, S. D., V. M. D., 85 E. Main st., Norristown, Pa. G. 

BLACK, HORACE G., 136 E. Market st., Wilkesbarre, Pa. G. 

BOWER, HENRY, V. M. D., 1343 N. Fifth st., Philadelphia. G 

Boyp, CHARLES W., V. M. D., Allegheny City, Pa. G. P. 

BRACKBILL, MARSH L., V. M. D., Reading, Pa. G. P. 

BREISACHER, LEO, JR., M. D., V. M. D., 310 Congress st., Detroit, 
Mich. Practice of medicine. 

BRIMHALL, S. D., V. M. D., Minneapolis, Minn. Assistant State 
Veterinarian. G. P. 

BUNTING, F. R., V. M. D., East Burlington, N. J. G. P. 

CARTER, JOHN Morris, V. M. D., 32 W. Fourth st., Williamsport, 
Palace. 

Castor, THOMAS, V. M. D., Buffalo, N. Y. Inspector, United States 
Bureau of Animal Industry. 

CHRISTMANN, HERMAN A., V. M. D., Philadelphia. G. P. 

COHEN, N. A., Ph. G., M. D., V. M. D., Camden, N. J. G. P. 

CoLE, CALVIN C., Dover, Del. G. P. 

CONARD, M. E., V. M. D., West Grove, Pa. Instructor, University of 
Pennsylvania. 

CONNOR, JOHN F., V. M. D. Uniontown, Ala. Veterinarian, Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, Alabama. 

Conrow, A. E., M. D., V. M. D., Moorestown, N. J. G. P. 

Corson, PERCY H., M. D., V. M. D., Plymouth Meeting, Pa. G. P. 

COTTON, CHARLES E., V. M. D., 414 First ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 
Veterinarian, Minneapolis Board of Health. 

CULLEN, CHARLES M., V. M. D., 4251 Ogden st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

DILKES, G. WALTER, V. M. D., Barnesboro, N. J. G. P. 

DOHAN, CHARLES A., V. M. D., Darling P. O., Delaware County, Pa. 
G. P. 

DRUMMOND, GILBERT G., V. M. D., Philadelphia. G. P. 

EARNEST, CHARLES M., V. M. D., Philadelphia. Milk Inspector, 
City of Philadelphia. 














“TRIANGLE,” UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA DORMITORIE 


‘SAIMOLINUOG VINVATIASNNAd JO ALISUAAINO ,“avoG AILLNT,, 








85 


Eppy, H. L., V. M. D., 1308 Twentieth ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 
GaP, 

EDWARDS, WARREN, V. M. D., Downingtown, Pa. G. P. 

ENTRIKEN, H. D., V. M. D., Kennett Square, Pa. G. P. 

HSHLEMAN, JOHN M., V. M. D., Parkesburg, Pa. G. P 

Evxs, HrramP., V. M. D., 509 W. Ninthst., Wilmington, Del. Acting 
State Veterinarian of Delaware, Professor, Delaware State College. 

FAIRLEY, JAMES, V. M. D., 1511 Carpenter st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

FELBER, FREDERICK L., V. M. D., Baltimore, Md. G. P. 

FELTON, HOWARD B., A. B., V. M. D., 934 Diamond st., Philadelphia. 
(a. P. 

FITZPATRICK, DENNIS B., V. M. D., 1049 Belmont ave., Philadelphia. 


FLoop, Epw. H., V. M. D., 2042 Diamond st., Philadelphia. Ex- 
Inspector, United States Bureau Animal Industry, Port of Phila- 
delphia. 

FORMAD, ROBERT, M. D., V. M. D., 1008 N. Sixth st., Philadelphia. 
Instructor, University of Pennsylvania. 

FORSYTH, GEORGE O., V. M. D., Pemberton, N. J. G. P. 

FousE, CLYDE EVERT, V. M. D., 1827 Ridge ave., Philadelphia. 
Gy P 


FRANTZ, CHARLES M., V. M. D., Pleasant Corner, Pa. G. P. 

GARDINER, WALTER W., M. D., V.M. D., Mt. Laurel, N. J. G. P. 

GARRET? CASPER, V. M. D., Lansdowne, Pa. G. P. 

GRAHAM, C., B. S., M. D., V. M. D., Rochester, Minn. Practice of 
medicine. 

GRAY, G. WALTON, V. M. D., Newark Valley, N. Y. Dairy Inspector, 
Milk Supply Company. 

GREEN, L. KENNETH, V. M. D., Buffalo, N. Y. Inspector, United 
States Bureau of Animal Industry. 

GREESON, JAMES O., V. M. D., Kokomo, Ind. G. P. 

GROGAN, JOSEPH P., V. M. D., Baltimore, Md. G. P. 

HAGENBUCH, BERT., V. M. D., 1243 S. Forty-seventh st., Philadelphia. 
ae 

HARGER, S. J. J.. V. M. D., 205 N. Twentieth st., Philadelphia. 
Professor, University of Pennsylvania. 

HARKER, G. se Trenton, N.J. G. P. 

HARRIGAN, if W., Ph. G., V. M. D., Cor. Twenty-sixth and Federal 
sts., Philadelphia. G. P. and Apothecary. 

Hart, JOHN R., V. M. D. (Deceased.) 

HARTMAN, GULDIN R., V. M. D., 2130 N. Fourth st., Philadelphia. 
Milk Inspector, City of Philadelphia. 

HEBERTON, CHARLES M., M. D., V. M. D., Cynwyd, Pa. Practice of 
medicine. 

HENDREN, SAMUEL, V. M. D., York, Pa. G. P. 

HERNSHEIM, Jose T., V. M. D., Fargo, N. Dak. Stock-farm Veter- 
inarian. 

HICKMAN, R. W., Ph.G., V. M. D., 509 W. Fifty-ninth st., New York. 
Chief Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry, New 
York. 


86 


Hocc, EpwIn, V. M. D., Kirkwood, Pa. G. P. 

Houck, ULyssEs G., V. M. D., Chicago, Ill. Inspector, United States 
Bureau Animal Industry. 

HouLDSWORTH, JOSEPH D., V. M.D., 150 Green Lane, Manayunk, 
PaiGe PP 

JAMES, JOHN ALVIN, V. M. D., Aberdeen, Md. G. P. 

JEFFERIS, JOSEPH R., V. M. D., Wilmington, Del. G. P. 

JOHNSON, LEvI, V. M. D., Pitman Grove, N.J. G. P. 

JoLLy, CHARLES R., V.M. D., Atlanta, Ga. Veterinarian, City Board 
of Health. 

JOLLY, GEORGE O., V. M. D., Montgomery, Ala. Veterinarian, City 
Board of Health. 

KEAN, T. J., V. M. D., Twenty-first st. and Fairmount ave., Philadel- 
phian (Guk. 

KELLNER, EDWARD L., V. M. D., 1621 Brown st., Philadelphia. G: P 

KILLE, WILMER B., V. M. D., Woodstown, N. J. G. P. 

KLEIN, Louis Amos, V. M. D., Lewisburg, Pa. G. P. 

KNIGHT, Emit, V. M. D., Rochester, N. Y. G. P. 

KOENIG, AuGusT O., M. D., V. M. D., 261 S. Fifteenth st., Phila- 
delphia, Practice of medicine. 

LACOCK, J. STEWART, V. M. D., 38 N. Diamond st., Allegheny, Pa. 
City Veterinarian, Allegheny, Pa. 

LAND, LEROy.M., V. S., V. M. D., Lexington, Ky. Student in 
Imperial Se na School, Berlin. 

LANDES, H. H., V. M. D., Camden, N. J. City Meat Inspector. 

LAZELERE, 5. D. ante i D. , Jenkintown, Pani sare 

LEHMAN, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, V. M.D., Mullan, Idaho. G. P. 

LEINHARDT, RICHARD P., V. M. D. , Wayne, Pa. G.P. 

LINTZ, CHARLES, V. M. D., Chesier, Pali Gib: 

LUSHINGTON, A. NATHANIEL, V. M. D., Trinidad, B. W. I. G. P. 

Lusson, Lois O., V. M. D., Ardmore, Pa. G. P. 

MACKIE, F. H., V. M. D., Fair Hill, Cecil County, Md. Assistant 
State Veterinarian, Md. 

MAHAFFY, JAMES R., V. M. D., Wilmington, Del. G. P. 

MAHER, JOHN J., V. M. D., 1514 Marshall st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

MAGILL, CHARLES F., Vv. M. ‘ORs Haddonfield, No aie 

MAGILL, C. H., V. M. 'D., Sixteenth below Diamond st., Philadelphia. 
G. P. 

MARLIN, EDGAR, V. M. D., 132 E. Cumberland st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

MARSHALL, CLARENCE Tes V. M. D., 2022 Pine st., Philadelphia. 
GNP! 

MARSHALL, HENRY, V. M. D., Georgetown, Del. G. P. 

MARTIEN, HENRY D., V. M. D. , Philadelphia. G. P. 

MARTIN, Ww. WALTER, 2103 Spring Garden st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

MamTrson, W. H., V. M. D., Camp Ground, Pa. G. P. 

MAURISE, ANTONI (Deceased). 

McCurpby, FRANK C., V. M. D., Tioga, Pa. G. P. 

McNEIL, J. C., V. M. D., 26 Fourth st., Pittsburg, Pa. City Veteri- 
narian, Pittsburg. 

MECRAY, JAMES M., V. M. D., Maple Shade, N. J. G. P. 


87 


MEISNER, Harry A., V. M. D., 1133 Asquith st., Baltimore. G. P. 

MICHENER, E. M., V. M. D., North Wales, Pa. G. P. 

MiInLAR, H. C., V. M. D., Lakewood, N. J. G.'P. 

MILLER, CHARLES H., V. M. D., Duncannon, Pa., G. P. 

MOHLER, JOHN R., A. B., V. M. D., LosAngeles, Cal. Inspector, 
United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 

MONTAGUE, JOHN W., V. M. D., Roxborough, Pa. G. P. 

MONTGOMERY, WM.R., V. M.D., Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. G.P. 

Moore, ENOCH, V. M. D., 1328 S. Eighth st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

Moir, F. S., Ph. G., V. M. D., 2145 N. Second st., Philadelphia. 
Lea 

NICHOLSON, SAMUEL J., M. D., V. M. D., 3118 Richmond st., Phila- 
delphia. G. P. 

Oat, C)F., V. M. D., West Chester, Pa. G. P. 

O’CONNOR, EDWARD WILLIAM, V. M. D., Philadelphia. G. P. 

OESTERLING, HARRY E., M. D., V. M. D., Wheeling, W. Va. G. P. 

PAXSON, HarRRy D., V. M. D., Wilmington, Del. Inspector, United 
States Bureau of Animal Industry. 

PEARSON, LEONARD, B.S., V. M. D., 3608 Pine st., Philadelphia. 
State Veterinarian, Pennsylvania. 

PEARSON, JOHN A., Salina, Kan. G. P. 

PHIPPS, WILLIAM P., Lionville, Pa. G. P. 

RANCK, EDWARD MarTIN, V. M. D., 4o21 Market st., Philadelphia. 
GP. 

RAYNOR, THOMAS C., V. M. D., Germantown, Philadelphia. G. P. 

REAGAN, WILLIAM J., V. M. D., 455 E. Fifty-seventh st., New York. 
Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 

RECORDS, J. H. (Deceased. ) 

RECTENWALD, JOHN J., M. D., V. M. D., Pittsburg, Pa. Resident 
in Philadelphia City Hospital. 

REEFER, LEON N., V.M.D., Wheeling, W. Va. City Veterinarian 
and G. P. 

RICHARDSON, A. G. G., V. M.D., Indianapolis, Ind. Inspector, 
United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 

RipcGH, W. H., V. M. D., Trevose, Pa. Private practice, Ex-President 
Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association. 

ROBERT, JOSEPH C., B. S., V. M. D., Agricultural College, Mississippi. 
Professor, Agricultural College of Mississippi. 

Roop, F. SIpNEY, V.S., V. M. D., Blacksburg, Va. Assistant State 
Veterinarian, Virginia. 

SALINGER, ARTHUR, V. M. D., 1510 N. Eighth st., Philadelphia. 
iP. 

SCHREIBER, A. F., V. M. D., Sixty-second and Elmwood ave., Phila- 
delphia. Meat Inspector, City of Philadelphia. 

SEITTER, JOSEPH B., V. M. D., 3522 Kensington ave., Philadelphia. 
re 2D 


SENSEMAN, B. F., V. M. D., 1523 N. Fifty-fifth st., Philadelphia. 
Instructor in University of Pennsylvania. 

SHANNON, FRANK T., V. M. D., 4204 Prairie ave., Chicago, Il. 
Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. 


88 


SHAW, WILLIAM GEORGE, V. M. D., Princeton, Pa. House Surgeon. 
Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, 

SHIELDS, WILLIAM A. H., V. M. D., 854 Franklin st., Philadelphia. 
GB: 


SHUMWAY, DANIEL G., V. M. D., Hancock, Mass. G. P 

SMITH, EK. A., V. M. Ds Atlantic City, Ne Se) ks 

SMITH, FRANK, V. M. D. , 2027 N. Thirteenth st., Philadelphia. Milk 
Inspector, st of Philadelphia. 

SMITH, GEORGE A., V. M. D., New Haven, Conn. G. P. 

SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY, jr, V. M. D., 2322 Green st., Philadel- 
phiasiGeP. 

STAUFFER, WILLIS B., V. M. D., 2927 Girard ave., Philadelphia. G. P. 

STORM, WILLIAM J., Vv. M. D. , Swiftwater, a: Rb Se. 

STREETER, ARTHUR H., ARB 'V.M. D. , Cummington, Mass. G.P. 

STUART, GEORGE E. He V. M. D. ( Deceased. ) 

STUART, JAMES A., V. M. D., New Jersey. G. P. 

SWANK, GEORGE K. atv M. D. , Kast Mauch Chunk, Pa. G, P 

TAG, WILLIAM, Ph. G., V. M. D. (Deceased. ) 

TERRY, EDWARD E., V. M. D., Holmesburg, Pa. G. P. 

TINTZMAN, J. Z., V. M. D., 1232, Palmer st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

TULLY, EpGar, M. D., V. M. D., 1943 Franklin st., Philadelphia. 
GiiP, 

TURNER, HENRY W., V. M. D., Lahaska, Pa. G. P. 

TURNER, JOHN P., V. M. D., Sixth Cavalry, United States Army. 
Army Veterinarian. 

UNDERHILL, BENJAMIN M., V. M. D., Media, Pa. G. P. 

VANDEGRIFT, JOHN T., V. M. D., Langhorne, Pa. G. P. 

WALKER, A. G., V. M. D., Taunton, Mass. G. P. 

WALLACE, ARCHIBALD Hay, V. M. D., Turkey, N. J. G. P. 

WALLS, ALEXANDER C., V. M. D., Alton, Ill. G. P. 

WALTER, HARRY, V. M. D., Point Pleasant, Pa. G. P. 

WALTER, HARRY, V. M. D., Wilkesbarre, Pa. G. P. 
Superintendent Live Stock Department, Lehigh and Wilkesbarre, 
Lehigh Valley and Susquehanna Coal Companies. 

WEBSTER, R. G., V. M. D., Salem, N. J. G. P. 

WEICKSEL, HARVEY, J. S., V. M. D., Shamokin, Pa. G. P. 

WERNTZ, W. B., V. M. D. » 4531 Lancaster ave , Philadelphia. Ex- 
Inspector, United States Bureau of Animal Industry. Ge. 

WERNTZ, WILLIAM T. S., V. M. D., 4531 Lancaster ave., Philadel- 
phia. Market Inspector, City of Philadelphia. 

WHEELER, A. S., A. B., V. M. D., 166 Chestnut st., New Orleans, La. 
Veterinarian, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, N. C. 

WHITE, EARNEST AARONS, V. M. D., New Orleans, La. G. P. 

WILLARD, S. B., Ph.G., V.M. D., Yardly, Pa. G. P. and Apothecary. 

WILLGANSZ, CHRIS., Vv. M. D., Buffalo, N.Y) Gin 

WILLIAM, CHARLES, VoMaD: a 321 Thompson st., Philadelphia. G. P. 

YOUNG, WILLIAM, JR., M. phe VD Nanticoke, Pa. Practice of 
medicine. 

ZANER, LLOYD, V. M. D., Stillwater, Pa. G. P. 

ZUILL, J. P., V. M. D., 500 West st., Wilmington, Del. G. P, 








Catalogue 

of the 

Veterinary Department 
of the 

University 

of Pennsyplvanta 


Will be mailed free 

upon application to the 

Dean of the Veterinary Faculty 
36th and Pine Streets 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


Gaylord Bros. 
Makers 
Gyracuse, i ee 


PAT. JAN, 21, 1908 





Ai 


| i 





ll 


3 0112 0687 


